TRIBE II. CARYOPHYLLACEA. 367 



The Astrseacea were first separated by Oken, whose Mussse were 

 characterized by the coarse lamello-striate surface of the calicles, a 

 peculiarity which extends to the coralla of all except some Euphylliae, 

 and is their most striking character. Oken's genera exhibit the inde- 

 pendent spirit, or disregard for all previous authorities, which charac- 

 terizes the whole of his Natural History. Schweigger's changes were 

 unfortunate in every- respect, as he united the Oculinee, with a large 

 part of the Caryophyllise of Lamarck (including Oken's Mussse), into 

 one group, which he called Lithodendrum ; the remaining species of 

 Caryophyllia formed his Anthophyllum : and to add to the confusion, 

 more recent authors have adopted his names with a wholly diffe- 

 rent signification. Lithodendrum may better be rejected. We follow 

 Ehrenberg in retaining the name Anthophyllum for the Caryophyllia 

 fasciculata of Lamarck, and the allied species, a group which embraces 

 half the species enumerated as Anthophylla by Schweigger. The 

 others given by him, are the Cyathina cyathus, and the Caryophyllia 

 anthophyllum, and cespitosa. Blainville's subdivisions were made 

 with discrimination, and the name Caryophyllia was retained by him 

 for the typical part of Lamarck's genus Caryophyllia, the same por- 

 tion that contains the species to which the name was first applied.* 

 This author adopted the Oculina of Lamarck, and instituted the 

 genus Dendrophyllia for the arborescent Caryophyllias. Ehrenberg 

 proposed a farther subdivision of the group, and separated with good 

 reason the Cyathinae and Desmophylla. But the name Caryophyllia 

 was applied by him to the group previously named Lobophyllia by 

 Blainville, and Mussa by Oken. The Oculina3 and the Dendro- 

 phyllife of Blainville, were also united by him, although distinct in 

 many points, and strikingly so in their mode of growth and budding 

 0467,71). 



In concluding upon the genera which a proper regard for previous 

 authorities required should be adopted, the genus Cladocora of Ehren- 

 berg seemed entitled to the original name Caryophyllia. Besides 

 containing one of the species to which the name was early applied, 

 it constitutes the principal part of Blainville's Caryophylliae, and is the 

 typical group of the family Caryophyllidse, as well as of Lamarck's 



* The word Caryophyllia is from xaguov, a walnut, and alludes to a resemblance 

 in the cup-like cell and its radiating plates, to the cavity of a halved walnut. The name 

 was applied by Rumphius (1705) to one of the Caryophyllidse as this term is here em- 

 ployed, and was so used by Pallas. 



