in GEOEGB JOHN KOMANES 



alter a type in adaptation to the slowly changing 

 environment, and if in any case the alterations 

 effected are sufficient in amount to lead naturalists to 

 name the result a distinct species, then natural selec- 

 tion has transmuted one specific type into another. 



Mr. Komaiies pointed out that the theory of 

 natural selection only accounts for such organic 

 changes as are of use to the species by use signify- 

 ing life-preserving that it is, in fact, a theory of the 

 origin and cumulative development of adaptations, 

 whether these be distinctive of species, or of genera, 

 families, classes, &c. 



The question then arises, do species differ from 

 species solely in points of a useful character, as they 

 undoubtedly should do if natural selection has been 

 the sole factor in their formation ? Investigation 

 shows that systematists recognise a species by a 

 collection of characters, the value of a character 

 depending not on its utility, but upon its stability ; 

 in fact, a large proportional number of specific cha- 

 racters, such as minute details of structure, form, and 

 colour, are wholly without meaning from a utilitarian 

 point of view. Investigation further shows that the 

 most general of all the ' notes ' of a true species is 

 cross-infertility, that is, the infertility of the offspring 

 of two individuals belonging to separate species : 

 this, it was urged, could not be due to the action of 

 natural selection. Lastly, apart from the primary 

 distinction of cross-infertility, and the inutility of so 

 many of the secondary specific distinctions, neither 

 of which can be explained by the action of natural 

 selection, Mr. Komanes was strongly of the opinion that 

 even if a beneficial variation did arise, the swamping 

 effects of free intercrossing would reabsorb it, and so 

 render evolution of species in divergent lines, as 



