6 It demands almost unlimited time for the evolution 



of the higher forms from the simplest on the earth, 

 which demand physicists and geologists are un- 

 willing to grant. 



7 Jordan the French botanist, discovered more than 200 



distinct forms or elementary species of Draba verna, 

 each preserving its own special characters for genera- 

 tions. He frequently found a certain habitat of very 

 limited extent occupied by several of these species 

 forming an association. It is highly improbable that 

 each of these species arose as an adaptation to the 

 same environment. It would seem then that "the 

 specific characters of Draba verna cannot have been 

 evolved in the struggle for existence, that they are 

 not adaptive characters, and that they are in 

 themselves useless" (Jost). 

 It will be noted that Darwin's theory fails to answer 

 satisfactorily the meaning of the different kinds of variat- 

 tions, their rate of inheritance, or the mechanism of in- 

 heritance. 



Fact and Mode of Organic Evolution. — One must be 

 careful to distinguish between the general fact of organic 

 evolution and the mode of evolution, or the method by 

 which evolution has taken place. "Stated concretely, the 

 general doctrine of evolution suggests that the plants and 

 animals now around us are the results of natural processes 

 working throughout the ages, that the forms we see are the 

 lineal descendants of ancestors on the whole somewhat 

 simpler, that these are descendants from yet simpler forms, 

 and so on backward till we lose our clue in the unknown 

 vital events of Pre-Cambrian ages, or in other words, in the 

 thick mist of life's beginnings. The general idea of evolu- 

 tion is, therefore, that the present is the child of the past and 

 the parent of the future" (Thomson, The Study of Animal 

 Life). 



The theory of organic evolution seeks to explain the 

 world of genera, species and varieties, the progressive 

 organization from the simple to the most complete, and the 

 adaptations of living beings. 



(e) — Orthogenesis 



The origin of new forms as the result of a persistent de- 

 terminate variation is called Orthogenesis. While organ- 

 isms as a rule tend to vary in every direction, variation 

 being indeterminate, yet there are many examples of organ- 



