iv.] CARNIVORA. 31 



in the Gorilla, and considerably so in the Chimpanzee and 

 Orang. These processes as a rule are not bifid, as in Man,^ 

 but occasionally (as in Mycetes) they are trifid, having a pair' 

 of lateral backward-projecting processes developed near 

 their extremity. 1 



The inferior lamellae of the transverse processes are 

 generally larger proportionally than in man, especially in the 

 Lemarina. In the seventh vertebra, the transverse processes 

 vary much as to their perforate or imperforate condition. 



In the Carnivora, the atlas (Fig. n) has very deep 

 anterior articular surfaces for the condyles of the skull. The 



flG. 11. — Inferior surface of atlas of dog, \. sti foramen or first spinal nerve ; 

 v vertebrarterial canal. 



first spinal nerve passes through a complete foramen. The 

 transverse processes are large, wing-like, flattened from above 

 downwards, and perforated by the vertebrarterial canal. 



The axis (Fig. 12) has a long conical odontoid process, 

 and a large compressed neural spine, greatly extended from 

 before backwards, and especially produced forwards. 



The remaining cervical vertebrae have small, narrow, com- 

 pressed, usually simple spines, gradually lengthening to the 

 seventh, and large transverse processes, with greatly developed 

 inferior lamellae (see Fig. 7, pp. 22) especially large in the 

 fifth and sixth. In the latter the lower edge of this lamella 



1 These are named hyperapophyses by Mr. Mivart, who has called 

 particular attention to them: "On the Axial Skeleton in the Pri- 

 mates : " Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 545. 



