170 THE SKULL. [chap. 



On comparing the section of the cranium (Fig. 58) witr 

 that of the Dog, it will be seen that there is a great differenc 

 in the relation of the principal elements to each other, in* 

 much as the face is bent downwards on the basicranial axis 

 so that when the latter is horizontal, the upper surface 

 the face looks forwards and the palate backwards. The 

 occipital foramen is terminal posteriorly, the tentorial plane 

 nearly vertical, so that the cerebellar fossa is altogether 

 behind the cerebral, but the plane of the cribriform plate 

 is horizontal, and the olfactory fossa altogether beneath the 

 anterior portion of the cerebral fossa. 



The occipital, region is small and sloping forwards.. 

 There are long paroccipital processes (//). In very young 

 skulls a distinct interparietal bone is present, but in the 

 specimen figured this has coalesced with the parietals 

 (SO). The two parietals (Pa) unite very early at the 

 sagittal suture. The frontals (Fr) are large, and usually 

 (except in some domestic races) develop from their outer 

 surface conical, curved, bony processes, cancellous within, 

 which are called the " horn cores," as they form the internal 

 support of the true horns. The nasals (Na) are long and 

 pointed in front. The premaxillae (PMx) are slender, with 

 a shallow alveolar border, bearing no teeth, and forming the 

 anterior and lateral boundaries of large anterior palatine 

 foramina. The lachrymals are large, and form a con- 

 siderable portion of the side of the face in front of the 

 orbit, but the foramen is entirely, within the margin. 



The olfactory chamber is large. The turbinals are greatly 

 developed ; the upper lamina of the ethmoturbinal or "naso- 

 turbinal" is distinct, and extends over the scroll-like maxillo- 

 turbinal (MT), but does not ankylose with the nasal. 



The orbit is large, nearly circular, with a complete, 

 prominent margin, formed below by the large malar, which 



