chap, xix.] GENERAL CHARACTERS. 309 



country, and which will be used in the present work, while 

 in the third column some synonyms, occasionally employed, 

 are added. 



The bones of the tarsus of Mammals present fewer diver- 

 sities of number and arrangement than those of the carpus. 

 The proximal row (see Fig. 1 14) always consists of two 

 bones, the astragalus (a, which according to Gegenbaur's 

 view represents the coalesced scaphoid and lunar of the 



ind) and the calcaneum (c). The former is placed more 

 the dorsal side of the foot than the latter, and almost 

 clusively furnishes the tarsal part of the tibio-tarsal or 

 kle-joint. It has a rounded anterior or distal projection 

 lied the "head." The calcaneum, placed more to the 

 ntral or " plantar " side of the foot, is elongated back- 

 wards to form a more or less prominent tuberosity, the tuber 

 calcis, to which the tendon of the great extensor muscles of 

 the foot is attached. The navicular bone {n) is interposed 

 between the proximal and distal row on the inner, or tibial, 

 side of the foot, but on the outer side the bones of the two 

 rows come into contact. The distal row, when complete, 



Ionsists of four bones, which, beginning on the inner, side, 

 re the three cuneiform bones, internal (^r 1 ), middle (c 2 ), and 

 xternal (c 3 ), articulated to the distal surface of the navicular, 

 and the cuboid (cb) articulated with the calcaneum. Of these 

 the middle cuneiform is usually the smallest in animals in 





