CONTENTS. ix 



CHAPTER XI. 



Reproduction in plants — Gemmation and fission — Resemblances be- 

 tween plants and Hydroid zoophytes — Reproduction of Angio- 

 spermous flowering plants — Reproduction of ferns, . 1 19- 1 26 



CHAPTER Xn. 



Spontaneous generation — Development of living beings in organic 



infusions — Experiments of Dr Bastian, .... 127-133 



CHAPTER Xni. 



Origin of species — Doctrine of Special Creation — Doctrine of Evol- 

 ution — Views of Lamarck — The Darwinian hypothesis — 

 Theory of natural selection — Sexual selection — Leading objec- 

 tions to the theory of the evolution of species by natural 

 selection, ......... 134-143 



CHAPTER XIV. 



Distribution in space — Geographical distribution — Zoological pro- 

 vinces — Bathjmietrical distribution — Discoveries in the deep 

 sea — Conditions of life in the deep-sea animals, . . 144-150 



CHAPTER XV. 



Distribution in time — Laws of geological distribution— Chief divi- 

 sions of the stratified series — Contemporaneity of strata— Geo- 

 logical continuity— Imperfection of the palceontological re- 

 cord, • • 15^"'^ 



