Vlll CONTENTS. 



. CHAPTER V. 



Principles of classification— Definition of Species — Genus — Family 

 — Order — Class — Sub-kingdom — Impossibility of a linear clas- 

 sification, ......... 56-63 



CHAPTER VI. 



Elementary chemistry of animals and plants — Chemistry of 

 animals — Fats — Albumen — Fibrine — Caseine — Proteine of 

 Mulder — Chemistry of vegetables — Starch — Cellulose — Sugar 

 — Albuminous compounds of plants, .... 64-69 



CHAPTER VII. 



Elementary structure of living bodies — Protoplasm or Bioplasm — 

 Molecules — Cells — The cell-wall — The cell-contents — The 

 nucleus — Cell-multiplication, ..... 70-76 



CHAPTER VIII. 



Physiological functions of animals and plants — Animal and vege- 

 table functions — Unicellular plants — Foraminifera — Vital force 

 as manifested in the digestive process of plants, . . 77-83 



CHAPTER IX. 



General phenomena of nutrition — Assimilation — Death — Growth — 

 Development — Transfornr.ation — Metamorphosis — Law of 

 Quatrefages — Provisional organs of young animals — Absence 

 of sexual reproduction in larval forms — Von Baer's law of 

 development — Retrograde development, . . . 84-96 



CHAPTER X. 



Reproduction — Sexual reproduction — Non-sexual reproduction — 

 General phenomena of gemmation and fission — Gemmation in 

 the Foraminifera — Gemmation in the Sea-mat — Gemmation 

 in Hydra — Fission in Paramoecium — Definition of the zoologi- 

 ,cal individual — Zooids — Internal gemmation of Polyzoa — Al- 

 ternation of generations— Reproduction of Hydractinia — Re- 

 production of Clytia — Structure of free medusiform zooids — 

 Reproduction of the Lucemarida — Parthenogenesis— Of Aph- 

 ides—Of Bees — Law of Quatrefages — Antagonism between 

 sexual reproduction and nutrition, .... 97-I18 



