often on distinct branches ; carpellaiy flowers with 4 per. seg. ; in fruit these enlarge 

 and enclose the drupe-fruit, becoming united in a succulent aggiegated edible mass. 

 Cf. 31. indica, of E. and S. India, cult, for nlkwonn, fruits dark-purple. 



Broussonetia papyrifera (Ilorl.) Paper-Mulberry, a small deciduous tree, 

 Burma, dioecious ; staminate flowers in pendulous catkins, 4 per. seg., and 4 inflexed 

 stamens ; carpellary inflorescence, spherical, -^ in., with closely aggregated perianths 

 and elongated filiform pink stigmas. In fruit the inflorescence-receptacle enlarges, 

 and the achenes hang out on fleshy stalks. 



Antiaris toxicaria (= Sacci'dora) Upas Tree, an enormous tree (250 ft.) of 

 evergreen forest, W. Ghats, &c., with buttressed stem, soft wood ; flowers monoecious, 

 the staminate on a mushroom-shaped receptacle (i in. diam.) and sunk in depres- 

 sions ; stamens 3-8 ; carpellary flower solitary in leaf-axils, with involucre of bracts 

 and 2 long styles : fruit drupaceous, f in. 



Artocarpus incisa, Bread-fruit of Pacific Islands, cult, over Tropics : leaves 

 large, deeply cut, flowcjs in massive inflorescences, much reduced; staminate S3Stem 

 club-shaped, pendulous, with flowers reduced to i stamen in 2-4-lobed perianth : 

 carpellary inflorescences sub-spherical, flowers sunk under convergent perianth-lobes, 

 with ovary well below the surface, the elongated style, filiform, bilobed, and projecting 

 at the surface. Fly-pollinated ; in fruit tlie inflorescence forms a large spheroidal 

 mass with starch-storage and smooth areolate surface, 6-10 in. diam.; seeds immersed. 



A. integrifoiia, jack Fruit of \V. Ghats, cult. ; staminate inflorescence 2-6 in. 

 long., fruit rough, withconoidal projections of enlarged perianth-segs. (^ in.) for each 

 flower, to size of large Marrow (30 in.) : cf. also : — 



A. hirsitla, timber-tree of evergreen forests of W. Ghats, to 200ft.; staminate 

 inflorescence slender, 3-4 in., ultimately pendulous; carpellary infljrescence i in. 

 diam., in fruit 3-4 in., densely covered with hispid spines : seeds | in. 



A. Chaplasha, a large deciduous tree of Sub-Himalya and S. Hill-forest, the 

 globose pseudocarps, 3-4 in., edible, with few large seeds (J in.) taken by birds and 

 monkeys. A. Lakoocha of fl ill-forest, cult., fruit globose, irregularly lobed, with 

 orange pulp and seeds -| in., taken by monkeys and birds. 



Ficus (600), the culminating genus of the series ; inflorescence with diclinous 

 reduced flowers assuming a chamber-mechanism with narrow ostiole, through which 

 small insects enter for pollination; in this way the inflorescence-cavity becomes 

 a domicile, and the flowers are utilized by ' gall '-insects, eggs being laid in the 

 ovaries of flowers specially adapted as ' gall '-flowers, the larva replacing the ovule. 



In the simplest case {Urostigma-iiic\:\ox\) staminate flowers, carpellary, and gall- 

 flowers are all mixed in the same chamber-system, which subsequently becomes 

 a pseudocarp enclosing the small drupes of the individual flowers. Production 

 is continuous, or becomes more or less seasonal in dry forest, and the generations of 

 the insect are correlated with the production of flowers ; 79 sp. Indian. 



Ficus bengalensis, Bor (Banyan), of Sub-Himalya and S. India, greatly 

 planted, to 100 ft. high, with descending aerial roots as ' props ' ; epiphytic as a seedling 

 with descending loots to soil, growing freely from cuttings. Given time there seems 

 to be no limit to lateral extension (assisted). Calcutta tree, seedling of 1782, 100 yds. 

 diam. and 464 props, 1900. Nerbudda tree, covering nearly i sq. mile. Attaining 

 great age, 2,200 yrs. recorded. Staminate flower of i stamen, carpellary with 

 I stigma-lobe more pronounced. Fruit small, globose, -|-| in., scarlet when ripe. 

 Host-trees become ' /'/W/.f-boimd '. 



F. religiosa, Peepul, a large spreading tree of Sub-Himalya, much planted and 

 growing from suckers. Tree of Budh-Gya from 500 b. c. Foliage like Poplar, 

 tremulous, with long drip-tips, 1-2 in. ; epiphytic or on buildings. Fruits \ in. diam., 

 dark purple. 



F. infectoria, large deciduous tree of N. and Central India, figs small, \ in. 



F. elastiea, India Rubber, gigantic evergreen tree, 100-150 ft. and crown to 

 200 ft. diam. : germination epiphytic, trunk buttressed, roots spreading on soil 



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