I in. diam., spines long (-gin.) and stellately branched ; inckided nuts, 2-3, cotyledons 

 ruminated. 



Juglandaceae (6/33) representative of a wholly isolated series, based on /i/g/ans 

 j-egia, Walnut, indigenous to Himalya and E. Europe, cult. ; deciduous and mon- 

 oecious : ftaminate flowers in racemose catkins from last season's wood: carpellary 

 systems few-flowered ; perianth 2 -I-2, carpels (stigmas) 2, ovary inferior, with i basal 

 ovule centred and orthotropous. Fruit drupaceous, with remarkably lobed embryo, 

 moulded to the shape of 4 diagonal tracts in the ovary-wall, storing fat. Sclerocarp 

 of fruit with traces of loculicidal dehiscence (two shells), very hard in the wild form. 



Engelhardtia spicata, a large tree often gregarious in Hill-districts, leaves 

 compound; staminate flowers in slender catkins, 3-7 in. long; carpellary systems 

 pendulous, 6-12 in., with densely papillose sligmaiic branches. Bract and prophylls 

 as involucre above inferior ovary. Fruit a small i-seeded nut, with lobed cotyledons 

 to seed. The involucie grows to a 3-lobed leafy expansion (suggestive oi Carpinus), 

 the middle lobe {li) i^in. long, as a spinning ' wing'. 



Salieaceae (2/200) including only Salix and Popuhis with representative 

 species of characteristic appearance and habit. Common British forms also as intro- 

 ductions. 



Salix tetrasperma, the common type, general along river-beds, often gre- 

 garious : staminate catkins after the leaves, 2-4 in. long; flowers with 5-10 stamens ; 

 carpellary catkins 3-,^; in. ; fruits with few (4-6) seeds. 



i'. hahylonica, Weeping Willow, indig. to China, cult, in N., staminate tree 

 commoner. 



Populus ciliata, common in NW. Himalya, typical Poplar-habit, at 1-2 miles 

 elevation, a tall deciduous tree with viscid buds e.xuding balsam, leaves cordate, finely 

 ciliate; carjiellary catkin 6-12 in. long, ovary witli 3-4 carpels (rarely 2). 



P. euphratica, gregarious in Sind, over Tamarisk, and by rivers ; leaves very 

 variable in shape and lobing ; staminate flower with 8-10 stamens; capsule com- 

 monly of 3 carpels, to f in. 



Casuarinaceae (1/25) a monotypic genus of halophytic tropical trees with no 

 functional leaves : Shoot-systems Equisetoid, with the appearance of a Conifer : 

 Assimilatory ridged stems with whorls of scales (6-15), end-ramuli shed as phyllo- 

 morphs. Flowers reduced to extreme limits : staminate flowers of i stamen, in whorled 

 series, resembling erect catkins : carpellary flowers similarly whorled, in axil of bract, 

 with prophylls (a and ^) as protective involucre. Gynoecium of 2 carpels (bilobed 

 stigma), unilocular ovary with 2 superposed ovules : fertilization chalazogamic, also 

 the ovules develop large numbers of megaspores, many with prothallial mechanism, 

 but only one seed sets. The prophylls when sclerosed give a woody whorled cone- 

 like aggregate, and the ovary with median wing-extension to the style is a small 

 samaroid nut (spinning). The enclosed seed has no endosperm. (Often regarded 

 as a primitive, if not the most ' primitive ' Angiosperm, and hence often at the 

 beginning of the classification (Engler, Dicots., 1912).) 



Casuarina equisetifolia, a tall tree, 100 ft. or more, of sand-hills and strand- 

 forest throughout JNlalay and S. India, to tide-level, cult, and planted. Photosyntheiic 

 ramuli 6-8-ridged and furrowed: monoecious, cones small, |in., cylindrical with 

 about 60 fruits ; seed with stylar wing 6 mm. 



Santalaceae (26/250), an order of essentially tropical trees with few representa- 

 tives in N. Temp. (T/iesi'iim, herbaceous). Flowers, small, hermaphrodite, apetalous, 

 5-4-merous : perianth may be gamophyllous and tubular, the ovary inferior, with 

 basal placenta bearing i or more ovules without integuments; Fruit i-seeded : many 

 are hemi- or holo-parasitic. 



Santalum album. Sandalwood, a small evergreen tree (40-50 ft.) of S. India, 

 cult., gregarious in scrub-forest in Mysore, hemiparasitic on roots of adjacent plants : 

 leaves opposite, flowers brownish-purple in small axillary and terminal panicles, 



43 



