Angiosperms : Dicoi : Polypet : Thalamlfl : Polycarpicae. II, 



APOCARPOUS FAMILIES are usually approached from the standpoint of 

 the Ranunculaceae (27/1200) of the N. Temp., but these are typically herbaceous 

 types and are wanting in tropical forest: Clemalis (170) alone is woody, including 

 liana-forms climbing by leaf-petioles : cf. C. montana of Himalya, climber flowering 

 in spring on short spur-shoots ; flowers 2-3 in. diam. ; perianth-segments 4 (5-6), 

 white; stamens 100-130; carpels 40-50, each with i functional ovule and rudiments 

 of others ; fruit as a cluster of achenes, i-seeded, with long hairy style enlarged and 

 assisting in wind-dispersal. C. lanuginosa, China, with many vars. and hybrids 

 (Hort.) ; flowers large, solitary, terminating spring shoots, 6-8 in. diam. ; per. seg. 

 6-8, pale violet-blue; stamens 100-200, carpels 100-120; fly pollinated, with large 

 achenes and long style persistent. 



Magnoliaeeae (9 100), essentially a family of tropical and sub-tiopical trees, 

 founded 1818. These afford the nearest approximation to the general conception of 

 what primitive Angiospermous flowering trees may have been in the past ; hence 

 appropriately begin the system. 



General features \ leaves large and simple, with a sheathing stipule-construc- 

 tion enclosing the next younger members. Flowers solitary and terminating the 

 foliage-shoot, usually large and conspicuous, hermaphrodite, sjiirally constructed 

 and indefinite. Perianth trimerous, of the type 3 -|- 3 -I- 3 ; Floral receptacle elongated 

 and presenting distinct zones ; Androeciuvi of many stamens, separated from the 

 gynoecium of numerous free carpels ; the latter each reduced to a small ovary with 2 

 or more ovules, and with prolonged stigmatic tip. Usually protogynous and pollinated 

 on first expansion by flies. Fruit ranging from dry dehiscent follicular type (usually 

 dehiscing by the outer edge) to achenes ; seeds with a small embryo in endosperm 

 storing fatty oil. 



As available forms cf ; — 



Magnolia conspicua of Japan (Hort.), flowering on the bare branches March, 

 April, 3-4 in. diam., perianth-segments white ; stamens 50-60, with massive filaments ; 

 floral receptacle to 30 mm. long ; carpels 60, each 2 ovules ; mechanism markedly 

 protogynous, not setting fruit (Hort.). 



M. grandiflora of N. Amer., 60-80 ft. (Hort. in vars.); leaves large, evergreen, 

 coriaceous, stipule 3 in. : Flowers 6-8 in. diam., strongly scented, fly-pollinated ; 

 often semi-double ; stamens about 60, carpels 50 ; seeds 1-2, the compact dry set 

 (3-4 in.) of pods (30 mm.) dehiscing by external margin as well as by inner suture. 



Lirioclendron Tulipifera, Tulip 'I'ree of N. Amer. and \V. China, Hort. ; hand- 

 some tree, 1 60 ft. and 8-10 diam., with deciduous characteristically 4-lobed leaves, 

 and broad flat adpressed stipule pair, i\ in. ; Flowers (June) solitary, 3 in., per. seg. 

 greenish-yellow with red flush, stamens 40, carpels 100 ; fruit asindehiscent samaroid 

 achenes with wing-prolongation, 2\ in., 1-2 seeded. 



Indian forms include species of Magnolia chiefly from Himalyan regions. 



Magnolia Campbelli, a large deciduous tree of E. Himal3a: flowers on bare 

 wood in manner of M. conspicua, 6-10 in. diam., white or rose-coloured, fragrant; 

 perianth segs. 12-15; fruiting gynoecium elongated to 6-8 in., woody carpels, 

 12 mm., dehiscing along outer edge, seeds usually i, red, 10 mm. 



Michelia excelsa, a tall deciduous tree of E. Himalya (Darjeeling) ; flowers 

 white, 4 in. diam. ; per. seg. 12, trimerous or tetramerous ; stamens 100-120, carpels 

 50-60, on a receptacle 13 mm. long, spaced 5 mm. from androecium ; ovules 3-4, 

 stigma hooked ; Fruiting poi tion elongated 4-8 in., lax, with follicular carpels. \ in., 

 dehiscing on outer edge ; seeds 10 mm., with red sarcotesta, taken by birds. 



Cf JM. Champaca, a large evergreen tree of E. Sub-Himalya and \V. Ghats, much 

 cult. ; Flowers 2-3 in. diam., fragrant ; per. segs. 15, yellow-orange ; fruiting recep- 

 tacle erect, extending to 3-6 in.; dry follicles ovoid, 20 mm., dehiscing by outer 

 margin, seeds 3-5, 10 mm., with pink sarcotesta. 



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