Himalya, 3-needled, cones massive, 6-9 in., seed-wing inefficient; P. Mcrkusii, 

 Burma, to 100 ft. and 5 ft. diani., cones 2-3 in., two-needled, associated with Eng 

 and Pentacmc, as showing possibilities of the genus. 



Cedrus Deodara, gregarious in W. Himalya, at 4-10,000 ft. in damp forests on 

 outer ranges, to 240 ft. and 10 ft. diara. ; end-branches drooping, flexuous ; foliage 

 dark-green, needles i in., on tufted spuis; cones woody, 4-5 in.; flowering in Sept. 

 Oct., and ripening cones in 12-13 months. 



Abies Pindrow, a tall tree, 200-250 ft., feathered to base, of low-level forests of 

 W. Himalya; branches drooping, needles 2-3 in.; cones 4-7 in. erected, violet- 

 black, without projecting bract-scales. 



Picea Morinda, a tall tree of NW. Himalya, 100-200 ft., with peculiar pendu- 

 lous ramuli, 1-3 ft., needles i-i^ in. ; cones large, cylindrical, 6-8 in., pendulous, 

 broad brown scales with thin rounded margin. 



Tsuga Brunoniana, to 1 20 ft. and 9 ft. diam., gregarious Central and E. Himalya ; 

 leaves \~i in., pectinated, cones ^ in. 



Larix Grtffithii, E. Himalya, at 2 miles elevation, deciduous, branches long and 

 pendulous, foliage pale-green, cones 2-3 in. long with refle.xed bract-scale. 



Cupressus torulosa, semigregarious in outer ranges of NW. Himalya, a large 

 tree with horizontal branches ; cones ^ in., ripened in second season. 



Juniperus ?nacropodd, gregarious on dry ranges, a small tree, 50-80 ft., with 

 dimorphic foliage ; berries blue-black, ^ in., resinous, taken by birds. 



II. Coniferae — Taxoids : the only Conifer in the W. peninsula is Podoearpus 

 latifolia, Hills of S. India, a large tree with fine leaves, 4-7 in. by 1-2 in., pectinated 

 in 2 rows, and appearing opposite, with effect of pinnate foliage : seed -I in. globular, 

 purple, succulent, erected on elongated succulent a.xis (i in.). 



Taxus baccata, in shady ravines of Himalya, at 2 miles elevation, and Hills of 

 Burma, shows range of this ancient type. 



III. Cyeadaeeae, with monaxial palm-habit, and crown of pinnate foliage-leaves. 

 Cycas-\.y\yt alone represented, 5 sp. 



Cyeas eireinalis, moist forests of S. India, 15-40 ft., and 100 yrs. ; stem with 

 leaf-scars, foliage-leaves 5-9 ft., pinnules flat. Staminate cone 1-2 fi. ; Carpels on the 

 main axis, to i ft. long, with 6-12 ovules. Seeds 1 in., yellow-red sarcotesta; endo- 

 sperm storing starch. 



C. revoluta of Japan, commonly cult., stem 6 ft. with old leaf-bases, leaves 

 pinnate, 2-6 ft., margins revolute ; carpels 4-9 in. long, with 4-6 ovules : cf. C. 

 siamensis in Eng forest, carpels with 2 basal ovules. C. Rumphii of beach-forest. 

 Coco islands, may give 50 ft. shaft and 18 in. diam., seeds 2-3 in. long. Interest 

 botanical rather than silvicultural. 



While the Cycads with the specialized monaxial habit of Tree-Ferns and Palms 

 can never have been the precursors of modern Angiospermous trees, special interest 

 attaches to Gnetales ; less to Ephedra with reduced foliage and photosynthetic 

 ramuli than to Gucliwi, species of which still remain in the form of lianoid types in 

 the original station of Tropical forest : cf. — 



Gnetum scandens, an immense evergreen climber of Hill-forest of S. India and 

 Burma, trunk 9-12 in. broad, flattened, with anomalous vascular structure ; leaves 

 decussate, broad, net-veined ; flowers, dioecious, whorled, in clustered catkin-like 

 systems, 2 in.: Seed, i in., drupe-like witli edible orange-coloured 'sarcotesta'. 



50 



