THE FRUIT 



149 



258. Fruit of the 

 Cranberry. 



259. 



Sections of 

 Pear. 



316. The berry, such as the Gooseberry and Currant, the Blueberry 

 and Cranberry (Fig. 258), the Tomato, and the Grape. 



Here the whole flesh is soft throughout. The Orange 

 is a berry with a leathery rind. 



317. The pome, a name applied 

 to the Apple, Pear (Fig. 259), and 

 Quince. These are fleshy fruits, 

 like a berry, but the principal 

 thickness is the enlarged receptacle, 

 only the papery pods arranged like 

 a star in the core really belonging 

 to the carpels. 



318. The drupe, or stone fruit, 

 of which the Cherry, Plum, and 

 Peach (Fig. 255) are familiar exam- 

 ples. In these the outer part of the 

 thickness of the pericarp becomes 



fleshy, or softens like a berry, while the inner hardens like a nut. 



Two portions of the drupe are thus distinguishable, named respec- 

 tively exocarp the outer, fleshy layer; 

 and the endocarp the innermost layer, 

 the stone. 



319~, Of dry fruits there is a great 

 diversity of kinds having distinct names. 

 320. The achene is a small, dry, and 

 indehiscent one-seeded fruit, often so 

 seedlike in ap- 

 pearance that it is 

 popularly taken 



for a naked seed. The fruit of the Buttercup 



is a good example (Fig. 260). Its nature, as 



a ripened pistil (in this case a simple carpel), 



is apparent by its bearing the remains of a 



style or stigma, or a scar from which this has 



fallen. It may retain the style and use it in 



various ways for dissemination (Fig. 261). 

 321. The fruit of Compositse (though not 



of a single carpel) is also an achene. In this 



case the pericarp is invested by an adherent 



calyx tube, the limb of which, when it has 261 Acnei , e of Clematis, 



any, is called the PAPPUS. This name was 



first given to the down like that of the Thistle, 



but is applied to the limb of the calyx, in 



whatever form it appears, of the "compound 



flower." In Lettuce, Dandelion (Fig. 263), and the like, the achene 



260. Achene of Buttercup 

 the right, opened 

 show the seed. 



the style retained 

 as a plume for 

 purposes of dis- 

 persal by winds. 



