LABORATORY STUDIES OF CRYPTOGAMS 163 



fied. (But if the compound microscope is to be used, delay drawing 

 until further examination has been made.) 



376 (Compound). With a moderate power reexamine the ma- 

 terial noting the composition of the white coating and the details 

 of the perithecia. Draw a perithecium, showing one or two appen- 

 dages with care, and indicating the rest. Press down the cover glass 

 so as to rupture some of the perithecia. Draw one of the spore-con- 

 taining organs. In what essential respect, if any, does it differ from 

 the ascus of Peziza? 



377. Toadstool, illustrative of Basidiomycetes. Draw the habit. 

 Cut smoothly down through the middle of the umbrella, so as to split 

 the stem at the junction with the umbrella. Draw the section of the 

 umbrella and summit of stem as now seen. Label the radial folds 

 gills (lamellae) ; the part from which they are suspended, the pileus. 

 Do all the gills extend from the margin of the pileus to the stem or 

 stipe t Are the inner ends of the gills attached to the stipe? Draw 

 a diagram of a sector of the umbrella as seen from below, to show 

 arrangement of gills. 



378 (Compound). With a wet razor section a portion of the 

 umbrella so as to get cross sections of the gills. Carefully wash the 

 sections from the razor to a slide, cover, and examine with low and 

 high powers. If small and thin-gilled species are used, sections need 

 not be made; simply mount a piece of the gill flatwise, when the 

 spores will be seen, grouped in a particular way, and at the edge of 

 the piece the manner in which the spores are borne will probably be 

 seen. How many spores are borne upon the same swollen hypha tip 

 (basidium)! How are they attached to the basidium? Draw a basid- 

 ium with spores. Make a diagram of the cross section of a gill, 

 showing where the spores are borne. Label the layer in which the 

 basidia are founi hymenium. 



With needles dissect small pieces of the stipe and pileus, and 

 examine with the high power. Of what microscopic elements is the 

 toadstool made up? 



379 (Simple). Lichen. Examine the lichen with the hand lens. 

 Is there stem or leaf, or an appearance of a main axis of growth ? Is 

 there indication of green (chlorophyllous) color? Are there struc- 

 tures resembling the spore-bearing portion of any fungus heretofore 

 studied? Draw one of the "fruit" bodies (apothecia) as seen from 

 above, much magnified. The deeper-colored layer nearly filling the 

 saucer is the hymenium. Draw the apothecium in outline as seen 

 from the side. 



380 (Compound or Simple). Detach an apothecium, place it in a 

 piece of pith split to hold it, and section it as thin as possible with a 

 wet razor. Mount the sections in water, and examine with the lens 

 or a low power of the microscope. Draw the section of the apothe- 



