LABORATORY STUDIES OF CRYPTOGAMS 167 



upright or more or less prostrate? Has the leaf arrangement any 

 relation to the habit of growth ? Look for special leafless, root-bearing 

 branches. 



397 (Simple). Do you find the tips of some of the shoots modi- 

 fied (fruiting spikes) ? The leaves of these spikes differ in what ways 

 from those of the rest of the plant? In their axils are the rounded 

 sporangia. On the stage of the dissecting microscope, in a few drops 

 of water, dissect a fruiting spike with needles. Pull off some of the 

 leaves. Do the sporangia come away with them ? Make a drawing 

 to show the facts. Let the drawing be large enough to show the form 

 of the sporangium clearly. 



398 (Simple or Compound). Crush some of the sporangia; what 

 do they contain ? If possible, see these very numerous bodies (spores) 

 with a good power of the compound microscope. Do they resemble 

 anything you have seen in flowering plants ? 



399 (Simple). Look over the fruiting spikes for sporangia con- 

 siderably larger than those already seen. Determine from a number 

 of cases whether they occur with the lower or the upper leaves of the 

 spike ; on one side of the spike only, or on all sides. Draw one of 

 these sporangia (how many protuberances) ? Open it ; how many 

 bodies (spores) contained? 



Having now seen the two sorts of sporangia, label the one produc- 

 ing small spores, microsporangium ; the other, macrosporangium. 

 Indicate roughly the relative size of small spores (microspores) and 

 large spores (macrospores) in drawing. 



400 (Simple). Club Moss, Lycopodium. Sketch the general habit, 

 to show the attitude of the main and branch stems. Are there dis- 

 tinct fruiting spikes in the species studied? If so, are they raised on 

 stalks, or not? Show these points in the habit drawing. Compare 

 herbarium specimens of a few different species with regard to the 

 same features. Does the material furnished show any roots? If so, 

 show them in the habit drawing. Are the leaves petioled ? Are they 

 evenly distributed around the stem? 



401 (Simple). Dissect under the lens a fruiting spike. Do you 

 find sporangia? How many to each leaf ? Draw one of the leaves to 

 show the facts. On which surface of the leaves are the sporangia 

 borne, upper or under? Press one of the sporangia; what does it 

 contain? Look at the bodies emitted with the compound instrument. 

 Have they any resemblance to any bodies produced by Phanerogams ? 

 Do you find more than one size of sporangium and of the spores? 

 Would the number of spores in any sporangium be represented in 

 10's, in 100's, or in 1000's? 



402 (Simple). Horsetail, Equisetum. Find the leaves. If the main 

 axis bears offshoots of any sort, determine whether these are leaves, or 

 stems, or both. Make a drawing to show the facts, and another of 



