PASSEKES 



OSCINES 



e 4 . The culmen not prolonged backwards 

 beyond the edge of the frontal feathers ; 

 the nostrils outside the line of fore- 

 head and not nearer the culmen than 

 to the edge of upper mandible. 

 aJ\ Plumage of young like that of adult 



female, but paler. 



a 6 . Nostrils completely overhung and 

 concealed by plumes and bristles 

 directed forwards. 



a 7 . Size large, wing over 12'00 (in 

 South African species) ; colour 



black or black and white 



V. Size small, wing less than 3*50 

 6 6 . Nostrils nearly bare, overhung by 

 a few hairs or bristles only. 



Without rictal bristles 



cV. With rictal bristles 



6 5 . Plumage of young like that of adult 

 female, but brighter ; tail feathers 



ten or twelve 



e 5 . Plumage of young spotted above and 



below ; with twelve tail feathers. 



c 6 . Nostrils not overhung by hairs ... 



d 6 . Nostrils overhung by hairs 



Corvidce, vol. i. 

 Paridce, vol. i. 



Certhiidce, vol. i. 

 Crateropodidce, vol. ii. 



Sylviidce, vol. ii. 



Turdidce, vol. ii. 

 Muscicapidce, vol. ii. 



d b . Plumage of young spotted below, of 

 adults entirely black, tail of ten 



feathers, forked or nearly square ... Dicrimdee, vol. ii. 

 e\ Plumage of young cross-barred below, 

 in many cases resembling in this 

 respect that of the adult female ; tail 

 with twelve feathers. 

 6' 6 . Bump-feathers with spinous stif- 

 fened shafts 



/ 6 . Bump-feathers without spinous 



shafts 



/ 5 . Plumage of young streaked. 



</ 6 . With rictal bristles ; plumage 



yellow and black 



h fi . Without rictal bristles, plumage 

 not yellow and black 



Campopliagidcc, vol. i. 

 Laniidce, vol. ii. 



Oriolidce, vol. i. 

 Sturnidce, vol. i. 



