314 



CEDICNEMID^ 



b. No web between the anterior toes. 

 a 1 . Hind toe absent Calidris, p. 410. 



6 1 . Hind toe present. 



a?. Toes long, far exceeding the tarsus in 

 length. 



a 3 . With a frontal shield 



6 3 . No frontal shield 



b*. Toes moderate, tarsus about equal to or 



exceeding the middle toe and claw. 

 a?. Ear opening well behind the level of 



the hinder edge of the eye 



& 3 . Eye placed far back, so that the ear 

 opening just touches the level of the 

 hinder edge of the eye. 

 a 4 . Tail feathers 16 (in South African 



species), outer ones narrowed 



b 4 . Tail feathers 10, outer ones not 

 narrowed , 



Actophiluj, p. 337. 

 Micrqparra, p. 341. 



Tringa, p. 404. 



Gallinago, p. 412. 

 Rostratula, p. 418. 



Family I. (EDICNEMID^E. 



Skull holorhinal ; nostrils pervious ; no basipterygoid processes, 

 and sixteen cervical vertebrae. The external characters are given in 

 the description of the single South African genus. 



\ 



FIG. 98. Front half of the skulls of (Edicnemus and of Numenius, from 

 above, to show the difference between holorhinal and schizorhinal nostrils ; 

 in the former the posterior end of the nasal opening is evenly rounded off, in 

 the latter this portion of the aperture is slitlike. 



