CHAEADKIID^: LOBIVANELLUS 345 



(Andersson) ; Cape Colony Port Nolloth, December (S. A. Mus,), 

 Jut Island in Saldanha Bay, May (Stark), Robben Island, False 

 Bay, October, and Orange River near Upington, December (S. A. 

 Mus.); Natal seashore (Ayres). 



Habits. The Turnstone is almost exclusively a bird of the sea- 

 shore, though occasionally, especially on migration, found inland ; 

 it prefers rocky places to sandy beaches, and feeds on small crus- 

 tacea and mollusca, which it obtains by turning over stones and 

 seaweed ; it is wary and difficult to approach, and its note is a clear 

 whistle. 



As already stated it is not known definitely to breed in South 

 Africa, but in northern regions its nest is placed on or near the sea- 

 shore, and consists merely of a lining of a few dry leaves or bents 

 in a shallow depression. Four eggs of a greenish-grey colour spotted 

 and streaked with bluish-ash and brown and measuring 1-6 X I'l are 

 laid, and both sexes share in incubation. 



Genus II. LOBIYANELLUS. 



Type. 

 Lobivanellus, StrickL, P. Z. S., 1841, p. 33 L. lobatus. 



Bill moderate, about the same length as the middle toe and claw ; 

 a well-marked swelling or dertrum at the tip of the mandibles ; 

 nostrils linear in an elongated depression on the mandible, extend- 

 ing two-thirds the length of the bill ; a large leaf-like wattle between 



FIG, 112. Bend of the right wing of Lobivanellus lateralis, to show the 

 carpal spur. 



the eye and the base of the bill ; wings long and pointed, the second 

 and third primaries sub- equal and longest, a strong, sharp carpal 

 spur ; tarsus more than twice the length of the middle toe and claw, 

 and covered with transverse scutes in front and reticulations behind ; 



