516 IMPENNES BPHENISCUS 



This genus contains four well-marked species found on the coasts 

 of South" America and South Africa, extending northwards to tbe 

 Galapagos in the Pacific and to Eio Grande do Sul in southern 

 Brazil on the west and to South Angola on the east side of the 

 Atlantic. One species extends to the Falkland Islands and South 

 Georgia ; but curiously enough no member of the genus is found on 

 Tristan da Cunha. 



Only the species here described is found along the African 

 coasts. 



FIG. 158. Head of Spheniscus demursus. x \ 



812. Spheniscus demersus. Jackass Penguin. 



Diomedea demursa, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 214 (1766). 



Aptenodytes demursa, Andersson, Ibis, 1866, p. 324. 



Spheniscus demursus, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 376 (1867) ; id. Ibis, 1869, 

 p. 460 ; Gurney, in Anderssons B. Damaral. p. 348 (1872) ; Moseley, 

 Notes Naturl. Challenger, p. 155 (1879) ; P. L. Sclater and Salvin, 

 Report Challenger Zool. ii. Birds, p. 124, pi. xxvii ; Sharpe, ed. 

 Layard's B. 8. Afr. p. 789 (1884) ; Stuinburne, P. R. Phys. Soc. Edin. 

 ix, p. 196 (1886) ; P. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1891, p. 476 ; W. L. Sclater, 

 Ibis, 1896, p. 519 with photo., 1904, pp. 81-88; Shelley, B. Afr. i, 

 p. 169 (1896) ; Grant, Cat. B. M. xxvi, p. 649 (1898) ; Woodward 

 Bros., Natal B. p. 214 (1899) ; Beichenoiv, Vog. Afr. i, p. 14 (1900) ; 

 Oates, Cat. B. Eggs, i, p. 145 (1901) ; Shortridge, Ibis, 1904, p. 208. 



Other references are Van Riebeeck's Journal, September 12th to 15th, 

 1652, in Leibrandt, Precis of Archives Cape of Good Hope, Part i, 

 p. 30 (1897) ; Kolben, Cape of Good Hope, English ed. ii, p. 144 

 (1731) ; le Vaillant, Voyage i. pp. 28-9 (1790) ; Andersson, Okavango 



