14 Antibodies in General 



of points of a critical nature, directed against the acceptance of some 

 of Ehrlich's views, have been brought forward by Baumgarten, Gruber, 

 and by Emmerich and Loew. It is difficult to enter upon these 

 questions without considerable detail which would be out of place 

 here, the reader is therefore referred to these authors in the 

 bibliography. 



That a number of different antibodies may coexist in a serum 

 has been amply proved, for example, Bordet (1900) after injecting 

 fowl's blood into rabbits, observed the formation of agglutinins, haemo- 

 lysins, and precipitins in the animals' serum, this having also been seen 

 by Tchistovitch (1899) in animals treated with horse blood. Similarly 

 agglutinins may coexist with antitoxins and with antiferrnents etc. 



Normal Sera, as we shall see, may contain Antitoxin, 



Antiferments, 

 Cytotoxins, 

 Agglutinins, 

 Precipitins, 



the amount of antibody present being usually very slight as compared to what is 

 observable in sera which contain specific antibodies. 



An immunizing 

 substance may 

 produce 



fAntitoxin 



Antifertnent 



Cytotoxin including Haemolysins,) . ,. (Complement 

 Spermotoxins, Nephrotoxins, etc.V ^ -jlrnmune-body or 

 Bacteriolysins ) (Amboceptor 



Agglutinins 



.Precipitins 



The Antibodies : 



/Anti-complement 



(Cytotoxins \ lAnti-cytotoxins consisting of ^Anti-immune- 



\Antiferment I give rise to anti- ) Anti-antifcmunit body 



^Agglutinins F antibodies \Anti-<t-g<jlutinins 

 {Precipitins ) \Anti-precipitins 



Synonymous Terms. 



Cytotoxin is used for any substance in serum, venom or bacterial cultures, or of 

 plant origin, which destroys cellular elements, either animal or vegetable. The 

 haemolysins and other toxic substances which kill but do not dissolve cellular 

 elements are included under Cytotoxins, also the bacteriolysins (bactericidal sub- 

 stance, alexin). 



