282 BACTERIOLOGY. 



from old cultures should occur, it is in all probability 

 due to a disappearance of virulence from the or- 

 ganism. 



This organism was discovered by Sternberg in 1880. 

 It was subsequently described by A. Friinkel as the 

 etiological factor in the production of acute fibrinous 

 pneumonia. 



It is not uncommonly present in the saliva of healthy 

 individuals, having been found by Sternberg in the oral 

 cavities of about 20 per cent, of healthy persons examined 

 by him. It is constantly to be detected in the rusty 

 sputum of patients suffering from acute fibrinous pneu- 

 monia. Its presence has been detected in the middle 

 ear, in the pericardial sac, in the pleura, in the serous 

 cavities of the brain, and indeed it may penetrate from 

 its primary seat in the mouth to almost any of the more 

 distant organs. 



The organism is commonly found as a diplococcus, 

 though here and there short chains of four to six indi- 

 viduals joined together may be detected. (Fig. 62, page 

 281.) The individual cells are more or less oval, or, 

 more strictly speaking, lancet-shaped, for at one end 

 they are commonly pointed. When joined in pairs the 

 junction is always between the broad ends of the ovals, 

 never between the pointed extremities. 



As already stated, in preparations directly from the 

 sputum or from the blood of animals, a delicate capsule 

 may frequently be seen surrounding them. Though 

 fairly constant in preparations directly from the blood 

 of animals and from the sputum or lungs of pneumonic 

 patients, the capsule is but rarely observed in artificial 

 cultures. Occasionally in cultures on blood-serum, in 

 milk, and on agar-agar they can, according to some 



