CH. II.] INSTINCTS, PASSIONS. 59 



be accomplished, however, when it refers to true external sen- 

 sations, unless the appropriate external impression be attained. 

 When we apply this doctrine to animal functions in accordance 

 with the principles laid down in § 25, we find that the material 

 element of a sensational instinct or passion is thus developed : 

 Firstly, there are material external sensations, imaginations, or 

 other sensational conceptions in the brain. Through their 

 action arise in the brain the material ideas of the anticipation 

 or expectation of a future sensation, which contains within 

 itself the impressions of pleasure or suffering. With this is 

 a new impulse of the cerebral forces now associated, to render 

 this incomplete material sensation perfect, either because it 

 results from the impression organically and necessarily, or 

 because the mind has previously spontaneously resolved to com- 

 plete its foreseen incomplete sensation, and direct its efforts to 

 this end (89). Next, through this effort of the animal-sen- 

 tient force of the brain, an endeavour is made for the develop- 

 ment of the whole material sensation, a portion of which is 

 actually there, — partly to produce more of its elements, to which 

 the mind can add spontaneously the sub-impressions of the 

 anticipations, — partly to impress the elements of the material 

 sensations already present more forcibly, and render them 

 more active, until the remaining elements wanting to complete 

 the entire material sensation, are actually produced through 

 this effort of the cerebral forces. The effort then ceases, the 

 instinct or passion being satisfied; or the effort ceases from 

 enfeebling of the instinct or passion, without the completion 

 being achieved. The satisfaction cannot, however, take place, 

 if to perfect the incomplete sensation it must become a true 

 external sensation, unless an external impression be also added 

 (35). All actions, consequently, which the instincts and pas- 

 sions excite directly in the brain, are material ideas of an 

 anticipation or expectation, which constitute portions of the 

 perfect material idea of the future sensation, together with the 

 strong sensational impressions of pleasure or suffering which 

 belong to this material anticipation ; and when these material 

 ideas produce actions in the economy, they are no other than 

 those of the imperfect material sensation combined with the 

 actions of the superadded impressions of pleasure or pain ex- 

 pressed with unusual force (93). 



