CH. III.] SELF-LOVE. 145 



animals to seek dwellings, to keep themselves warm, to escape 

 the dangers of winter, to avoid or avert oppressive sensations, 

 &c., just as properly as the instincts for food, for movement, 

 for rest, &c., although, at the same time, they are defen- 

 sive instincts. But since certain natural organs have been 

 given to each animal, as >veapons for its defence against inju- 

 rious attacks, and inasmuch as for the proper use of these 

 weapons, it possesses special instincts, which, although defen- 

 sive, are different from those of self-preservation, we will at 

 least class the war-instinct (Wehrtrieb) with the defensive 

 instincts, but consider all others, which have the maintenance 

 and well-being of the animal as their object, amongst the 

 instincts of self-preservation, although their object be at the 

 same time the averting of dangers, and attained by means of 

 aversions. 



Self-love [Selbstliebe] . 



280. All the changes in an animal organism, which tend to 

 its preservation and well-being, must ensue in accordance with 

 its natural functions, or, at least, terminate in their full 

 attainment (263). Corporeal changes which thus ensue and 

 terminate are agreeable, if felt or perceived, or else soon 

 terminate in agreeable conceptions or sensations (276, iv, 252). 

 On the same grounds all contra-natural changes tend to the 

 ill-being and destruction of the body (263), and if felt, are 

 painful. Consequently, all instincts for the preservation and 

 well-being of the animal, are efforts of the conceptive force to 

 attain to agreeable sensations, and to avoid the painful (262, 257). 

 This general effort in the instincts is termed the instinct for 

 enjoyment (80); and since its objects cannot be attained without 

 the continuance of the forces, or, in other words, independently 

 of the existence of the animal, it follows that the instinct termed 

 love of life is the fundamental instinct in all animals; so 

 that the instinct for life and for enjoyment, that is to say, 

 sensational self-love (selfishness [Eignliebe] ), instigates all the 

 others. 



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