CH. III.] INSTINCTIVE PASSIONS. 161 



use of means to these ends, &c., prove the existence of a soul in 

 them. 



294. The instincts of self-preservation and of the propaga- 

 tion of the species are common to all animals, and there are 

 therefore general instincts, as the love of life, of pleasure, — 

 the instinct for food, for sexual congress, &c. There are also 

 special instincts, which, are peculiar to certain animals, as 

 the instinct to breathe, to incubate, to take care of offspring, 

 &c. ; these are regulated in their development by the special 

 wants of the animal, and hence a manifestation in instinct of 

 the Godlike, the adapting. An animal, for example, which has 

 not to seek its food in water, has no instinct and no adaptation 

 for swimming : the animal, whose eggs are hatched by the sun, 

 has no instinct for incubation : the animal, which has not to 

 seek its food underground, has neither the instinct to dig, nor 

 the claws to dig with, &c. 



295. Every instinct excites the development of a special class 

 of conceptions, which constitute the object and satisfaction of the 

 instinct, and are, at the same time, either in accordance with 

 the desires of nature or not (263). If they be the former, 

 they are natural instincts ; if the latter, unnatural (90) ; as the 

 instinct for self-torture, for suicide, sodomy, &c. The latter 

 never occur in animals left solely to nature, and only in those 

 which have the power to combine them with volitional 

 conceptions. The instinct of an animal for that class of con- 

 ceptions which are most common to it, because it finds the 

 greatest pleasure in them, and whereby its volitional actions 

 are determined, is termed its leading instinct ; and this gives 

 rise to the peculiar characteristics of the animal, or its animal 

 or sensational character [Character seiner sinnlichkeit] . 

 According as the instincts are vigorous or weak, the animal is 

 said to be active, vigorous, &c., or dull, lazy, inactive. 



The Instinctive Passions [Affectentriebe] . 



296. The primary passions are not excited, nor their satis- 

 faction designedly attained, by inducements prepared before- 

 hand by nature, as is the case with the true instincts (263). 

 We are affected by passions for the most part incidentally, 

 certainly not periodically, nor by a corporeal compulsory cause 



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