CH. III.] INSTINCTIVE PASSIONS. 163 



danger of destruction. Nature^ without their aid, has prepared 

 beforehand for them the means of defending their life without 

 any knowledge of the object to be attained (285, 266, 280). 

 But when they become conscious of the object of their aver- 

 sion, namely, the danger of death, the designs of nature 

 hitherto blindly followed become their own, and nature and 

 the sensational volition of the animal co-operate to attain the 

 same object, so that the sentient actions now result as well 

 from the sensational inclination of the animal, as naturally and 

 necessarily from the instinct. Yet, although the animal still 

 follows the impulse of nature, it follows it willingly, since 

 from a consciousness of the abject of the blind instinct of life, 

 the latter is changed into an instinctive emotion, the fear of 

 \death. It is led by this knowledge to a sensational volition, 

 whereby it brings other conceptions, desires, instincts, and 

 emotions, which arise from it, according to the laws of the 

 conceptive force (273), to bear on the object now known, so 

 as to obtain the fulfilment of the instinct. It is thus we 

 understand the differences between passions and instincts. In 

 the primary passions, the natural impulse which characterises 

 the instinct is not present (263) : in pure instincts, the voli- 

 tional element is wanting : in the instinctive passions (or 

 emotional instincts), both are united. 



300. In the instincts of hunger and thirst, animals eat and 

 drink before they can know that food and drink induce that 

 pleasant external sensation, which constitutes the satisfaction 

 of the instinct. But if the animal become conscious of the 

 object of the instinct, the volitional element is added, and the 

 blind impulse of nature co-operates with the inclination of the 

 animal to attain it. The blind instinct is become the volitional 

 instinct for food, the appetite, gluttony, longing for drinks. 

 The perception of the object leads to a sensational volition, 

 and thus other conceptions, desires, instincts, and passions are 

 brought to bear on its attainment, and the volitional actions of 

 voracity and rapacity are manifested. 



301 . The war-instinct, a form of the instinct of self-defence, 

 stimulates animals to the blind use of the natural weapons 

 which nature has supplied, together with skill to use them. 

 They know nothing of the object (the injury of another) to 

 be gained by their use, so that they perform the requisite 



