164 ANIMAL-SENTIENT FORCES. [i. 



movements before they actually possess the weapons (288, 

 266, 269). But if a knowledge of the object of the in- 

 stinct be added, namely, an infliction of an injury upon 

 another, the volitional element is added, so that the will and 

 the impulse of nature co-operate for the attainment of the 

 same object, and the blind instinct becomes the instinctive 

 passion of self-defence. A sensational volition follows this 

 perception of the object of the instinct, and other conceptions, 

 desires and passions are brought to bear on its attainment, 

 whereby the volitional actions of the desire of revenge are mani- 

 fested in the skilful and revengeful use of the natural weapons, 

 as, for example, in selecting the most dangerous point to 

 inflict injury, in the most crafty and violent infliction of it, &c., 

 and in discriminating the objects which should be feared and 

 avoided, or pursued and seized. 



Anger [Zorn] is always a passion, and never an emotional 

 instinct, because it consists in an abhorrence of a known 

 injury, of which consequently we are conscious. Animals 

 that possess no pure conceptions, and are incapable of primary 

 passions, never experience it ; nor is it even an emotional 

 instinct in them, as the desire of revenge is [Rachgier], but a 

 passion subordinate to the latter, developed by the instinct of 

 self-defence. Anger can excite the desire of revenge as a 

 subordinate passion, and then the latter is not an emotional 

 instinct, but a passion combined with another passion, namely, 

 anger. The special sentient action of anger on the liver, &c., 

 will be considered subsequently (see § 325). 



302. In the sexual instinct, as in the preceding, nature 

 impels animals to the blind use of the organs with which she 

 has supplied them, as well as with the knowledge how to use 

 them ; without their being aware that they will thereby pro- 

 pagate the species. It would appear, indeed, that no animal, 

 except man, is aware of this object. But even the immediate 

 object of nature in the instinct, namely, pleasure, is unknown 

 to many animals, so that they are stimulated solely by the 

 blind instinct to the use of the organs of generation (269). 

 But when an animal is conscious of this immediate object of 

 the instinct, namely, pleasure in sexual congress, the blind 

 instinct is combined in its action with the sensational will of 

 the animal, and becomes the instinctive passion of physical 



