168 ANIMAL-SENTIENT FORCES. [i. 



excited in the emotions and instincts in a similar manner 

 {vide § 283 — 5). Everythiug that excites a vivid sensational 

 pleasure can induce the joyous emotions, as wine, music, 

 society, jests, the gratification of other desires, stimulating 

 sensations, imaginations, foreseeings, &c. 



308. Every form of the emotion of love, as kindness, friend- 

 ship, gratitude, pity, and the benevolent virtues, are a species 

 of gentle joy for the perfection of another (306), and manifest 

 the sentient actions of the joyous emotions in a moderate 

 degree. Inasmuch as these are very favorable to health and 

 long life (307), it is a truth established by experience, that a 

 misanthropic or malicious person is his own enemy, and that 

 goodness is its own reward. These nobler passions must not be 

 confounded, however, with the instincts or the instinctive 

 emotions of love, for they arise primarily from pure perceptions 

 (91), and have sensational stimuli and objects of satisfaction, 

 altogether difi*erent from those of the latter. Every kind of 

 perfection which we observe in another can excite in us the 

 passion of love, while there is only one sensational stimulus of 

 the instinctive passion of love, 



309. Every painful emotion {distress, § 259), is a strong 

 abhorrence excited by confused sensational impulses (91), 

 developed according to the general laws of the passions (94), 

 and consequently belonging neither to the class of instincts or 

 of instinctive emotions. Their mental actions are made up of 

 those of a sensational annoyance and a sensational confused 

 foreseeing (257-— 8). Distress for the past, in reference to 

 future consequences, is regret ; for the present in reference to 

 the future, is grief; and for the future itself, is anxiety, 

 care, dread, despair. To this class belong also the passion 

 excited by the delay of what is longed for, longing ; or by the 

 imperfection of another, sympathy; or by contempt inflicted 

 or anticipated, shame ; or by the perfection of another, hatred ; 

 or by a coveted perfection, envy ; or by an offence, anger ; 



i or by the desire to retaliate on the off'ender, revenge; or, 

 I lastly, by a sudden, unexpected, and great evil, terror 

 \ (Baumgarten's 'Metaphysics,' §§ 507, 508). Each of these 



passions have their peculiar sentient actions in the animal 



economy. 



310. The sentient actions of the distressing passions in 



