170 ANIMAL-SENTIENT FORCES. [i. 



vidual deceased still hovers around the mourner, and seems 

 to accompany him everywhere, while the latter acts accordingly, 

 addressing and embracing the shadowy form. As foreseeings 

 do not readily become so vivid, this circumstance takes place 

 more frequently in passions having reference to the past rather 

 than to the future. But still it may be observed in the latter 

 class, by a careful analysis. When, for example, we are in 

 sorrow, from the expectation of bad news respecting a dear 

 friend separated from us, and the sentient actions of sorrow 

 are excited, those of an expectation (foreseeing) of dreadful 

 news respecting him are distinctly connected with the sentient 

 actions of a recollection of the affectionate parting from him, 

 and of his last proceedings, so that we remember his farewell, 

 his tears, his gestures, while, at the same time, the expectation 

 of evil tidings causes us to feel all the workings of a dismaying 

 fear. 



313. Grief, care, fear, anxiety, despair, are distressing pas- 

 sions, of whose causes we are conscious (309), whereby they 

 are distinguished as well from instincts, as from the instinctive 

 emotions (263 — 5, 296 — 8). They follow the laws of other 

 passions in every respect, and, for the most part, differ from 

 each other in degree only. 



314. These emotions of grief, and every kind of fear, cer- 

 tainly exhibit the sentient actions of a sensational suffering in 

 common with every kind of afflictive emotion (309, 313), but 

 the close observer will mark differences in each (254). The 

 pulse is altered, is less full than usual, tremulous, and varying 

 in frequency and force; there is a feeling of constriction of 

 the chest from congestion, paleness of the face, cold extremi- 

 ties, corrugated skin, and the sense of constriction of the chest 

 often ends in syncope, and even death, as historical details 

 show. All these are the sentient actions of the vital move- 

 ments contra-naturally altered by the sensational suffering 

 (259), because, probably, an irregular influence of the vital 

 spirits on the nerves of the heart renders its movements at 

 one time, excessive, at another enfeebles them even to syncope, 

 whence various secondary phenomena result [vide §§310, 311). 

 It is in consequence of these results, and especially the repres- 

 sion of an injurious humour, in consequence of the suppression 

 of the cutaneous functions, that fear, grief, and all the depressing 



