CH. III.] ACTIONS OF THE DISTRESSING PASSIONS. 175 



him the instinctive emotion of revenge (301), and as instincts 

 and instinctive emotions are little under control, we possess 

 few means of guarding against their influence, although the 

 passion of anger is more under control. The excitement of 

 antagonistic ideas, instincts, and emotions, dissipation of the 

 mind, and abstraction of the thoughts, are the best psychological 

 means. Amongst the physiological, are those which prevent 

 the too great secretion and heating of the bile, since it is 

 actually the case, that those animals are least prone to anger, 

 and to quarrelling, which have the least bile. 



327. Longiiig is a gentle passion, generally considered as 

 painful ; its sentient actions are, therefore, injurious to health, 

 and consist in palpitation, thoracic congestion, sighing, weep- 

 ing, &c. Its foreseeing manifests imperfectly the fulfilment of 

 the emotion (257), so that he who longs to embrace, often ex- 

 tends his arms as if about to embrace the object of his longing; 

 if he longs for a conversation, he talks loudly to himself, &c. 

 Its special action (316) in the animal economy is the absorption 

 of the fat ; hence probably the sunken appearance of the eyes, 

 and their slower movements, termed a languishing expression. 



328. Shame is the slightest of the painful passions. It 

 nevertheless causes palpitation of the heart. The foreseeing 

 excites a casting-down of the eyes, and an averting of the face; 

 a further result of its operations is a redness of the face, as if 

 the vessels below were tied. 



329. Just as every thinking animal has its predominant 

 instinct and peculiar sensational character (295), so also each 

 possesses a predominant passion, which in so far as it deter- 

 mines principally its volitional actions, co-operates to form its 

 sensational character (295), whereby the latter is made more 

 volitional, and more in the power of the animal, and thus 

 receives a moral relation (296, 297) . And since the passions, as 

 well as the instincts, but especially the latter, are dependent 

 proximately on the sensibility of the nerves (90, 91, 66), both 

 the predominant instincts and emotions presuppose a definite 

 sensibility of the nerves of an animal towards sensational 

 stimuli, and thus temperament mainly determines the sen- 

 sational faculty [Sinnlichkeit] of an animal, and its principal 

 inclinations, emotions, and sensational character, and may 

 modify them by habit in various ways (51, 52). 



