SECT. I.] ENUMERATION. 441 



which arise from imagination are less vivid than those from 

 perception ; but by continual meditation and fixing of the 

 attention upon them, they become gradually more and more 

 vivid, until at last they may become equal to those ideas which 

 arise from perception; so that the mind cannot distinguish them, 

 and confounds things present with things absent, when it is 

 said to wander. 



When an idea arising from perception or imagination, is 

 accompanied with the consciousness that it is not new, but has 

 been perceived by us formerly, the circumstances also occurring 

 in which it was formerly perceived, the mind is said to remember 

 or recollect. 



We are conscious, when the animal actions are in actual 

 operation (as takes place during waking); and consciousness is 

 abolished in the same proportion that the animal functions 

 cease to be exercised, as for example, in sleep, apoplexy, or 

 fainting. Thus consciousness seems properly to belong to the 

 actual exercise of the faculty of thought. 



The mind does not enjoy an equal degree of freedom in all 

 these mental operations. It does not perceive voluntarily but 

 compulsorily, since it is not able, for example, not to see if the 

 object be placed properly before it. Nor does the mind per- 

 ceive the harmony or discordance of ideas more voluntarily. 

 The mind has the greatest freedom in willing, for it can desire 

 a pleasing object, or neglect, or refuse it ; nevertheless, if what 

 is pleasing or displeasing becomes an object of any great pleasure 

 or pain, the mind loses much of its freedom in willing, nay, is 

 compelled to desire or dislike, and passions arise of which we 

 are not the masters but the obsequious slaves, since we may 

 often see and approve the better, and yet unwillingly follow the 

 worse. For this reason they are rightly termed passions of the 

 mind, since in them the mind scarcely acts, but is impelled to 

 action by the body. I avoid adducing here special instances of 

 the passions, and examining them with reference to their 

 causes and effects, since I think that this has already been 

 fully done by others, nor can I add anything new or par- 

 ticular; I will only treat on some questions relating to the 

 animal functions, respecting which distinguished men have 

 entertained opposing opinions. 



