ADAPTATION 203 



subsequent publication. 15 This later paper goes somewhat fully 

 into the question of the difference in behaviour between the 

 normal and modified individuals, describing the ways in which 

 the males and females possessing the acquired character could be 

 recognised from the males and females which were normal, but 

 in this account I find no reference to the development of the 

 " Brunftschwielen " — the horny pads on the hands of the males. 

 As these structures would be of special value in such a diagnosis 

 the omission of any allusion to them calls for explanation. 

 Kammerer claims the evidence as proof of Mendelian segregation 

 in regard to an acquired character, the first example recorded. 

 Pending a repetition of the experiments there is no more to be 

 said. 



2 . The Mode of Reproduction of Salamandra atra and maculosa. 16 

 — Salamandra maculosa, the common lowland form, with yellow 

 bands or spots, deposits its young in water, generally as gill- 

 bearing tadpoles, with a wide, swimming tail, though occasionally 

 they are born still enclosed in the egg-capsule out of which they 

 soon hatch. Spawning extends over a considerable period, 

 often many weeks, and during the season one female may bear 

 more than 50 young. 



S. atra, the black Alpine form, produces its young on land. 

 They are born without gills, ready to breathe air, and with the 

 rounded tail of the adult. These differences may, as Kammerer 

 says, naturally be regarded as adaptations to the Alpine condi- 

 tions. Moreover, the female bears only two young in a season, 

 and this reduction in the number must be taken to be a conse- 

 quence or condition of viviparity. There are many eggs in the 

 ovary, but all except the two which are destined to develop 

 degenerate and form a yolk-material on which these two sur- 

 vivors feed. 



Kammerer gives a long account of the various conditions to 

 which he subjected both species. The treatment was complicated 



15 Festschrift zum Andenken an Gregor Mendel, being vol. XLIX of the Verh. 

 Naturf. Ver. in Briinn, 1911, p. 98. 



16 Kammerer's chief papers on this subject are Archiv fur Entwm., XVII, 

 1904, and ibid., XXV, 1907- An epitome of results is also given by him in 12 

 Flugschrift d. Deutsch. Ges. f. Ziichtungskunde, Berlin, 1910. 



