ADAPTATION 205 



of four females, no two agreeing with each other. As to the 

 number of the males or their habits nothing is said. The first 

 female, a (1), bore five young; the second, a (2), bore two, of 

 which one was a partial albino; the third, b, produced four young; 

 and the fourth, c, two as already stated. 



In the case of c the details show that the female gave birth 

 immediately after being transferred from the open-air terrarium 

 to one indoors, which contained no basin of water. This is the 

 example of the consequences which follow on a continuance of 

 the experimental conditions. 17 



As regards S. atra the converse is reported. Various means 

 were used to induce them to eject their young prematurely in 

 water, such as massaging the sides of the mothers, or raising 

 the temperature to 25 or 30 C, with various degrees of success. 

 But afterwards it was found that specimens collected wild at an 

 elevation of about 1,000 metres responded to much simpler 

 treatment, and gave birth prematurely in water when they were 

 kept in a large shallow basin of water not so deep but that they 

 could everywhere touch the bottom with their feet and keep their 

 heads above the surface. With specimens collected at higher 

 elevations this treatment was inoperative, and the suggestion is 

 made that S. atra at the lower confines of its habitat partakes 

 more of the nature of maculosa than do the individuals from 

 greater heights; for Kammerer argues that pools suitable for 

 breeding must be more uncommon at those elevations than they 

 are lower down. 



In the earlier paper 18 Kammerer states that newly caught 

 females of S. atra often give birth in the water, and show an 

 undoubted preference for doing so. He describes also how he 

 once saw several females, wild in their natural habitat, lay their 

 young in a rain-puddle at 1,800 metres elevation, but the larvae 

 thus born were fully formed. 



When the deposition of the young as larvae has become 



17 " Bei Fortdauer der Versuchsbedingungen sind als Vollmolche geborene Sala- 

 tnandra maculosa gleich bei der ersten Geburt abermals voll molchgebarend, benutzen 

 zum Geburtsakt das trockene Land, und zwar unter Erreichung der (bei Salamandra 

 atra normalen) Embryonen-Zweizahl," Kammerer, 1907, p. 49. 



18 1904, p. 56. 



