28 PROGRESS OF SCIENCE IN THE CENTURY. 



hints that the application of the Evolution-idea to 

 the problems of the inorganic will make for progress. 

 It was this idea of the interdependence of different 

 scientific disciplines which especially marked Comte^s 

 classification. Herbert Spencer (1864) "combined 

 the ^ tree ' system of Bacon with Comte's exclusion 

 of theology and metaphysics from the field of knowl- 

 edge/^ * and he focussed the distinction between the 

 Abstract sciences of Logic and Mathematics (which 

 deal with our methods of conceptual description) 

 and the Concrete sciences which are conceptual de- 

 scriptions of phenomena. In other words, f the 

 abstract sciences deal with modes of perception, the 

 concrete sciences with the contents of perception. 



For the most detailed map of science as yet worked 

 out, we may refer to the concluding chapter of Karl 

 Pearson's Grammar of Science, noticing only: (1) 

 that it has been almost unanimously recognised as 

 convenient that the sciences dealing with organisms 

 (Biology, Psychology, Sociology) should be distin- 

 guished from those which deal with inorganic phe- 

 nomena (Chemistry and Physics) ; and (2) that 

 different departments are bound together, e.g., ap- 

 plied mathematics linking the abstract to the concrete, 

 chemical physiology, linking the study of the in- 

 organic to that of the organic. 



Thus, the broad lines of the scientific map may be 



represented in a scheme like this : — 



* Karl Pearson, Grammar of Science, rev. ed., London, 

 1900, p. 513. 

 t Ibid., p. 515. 



