344 PROGRESS OF SCIENCE IN THE CENTURY. 



Hilaire. From these, as well as from Cuvier, there 

 is, through Owen as a transition-type, an affiliation 

 with more modern morphologists like Gegenhaur and 

 Huxley, Lankester and- Cope. Starting again from 

 Goethe there has been an evolution of botanical mor- 

 phologists, through Schleiden to Hofmeister, thence 

 to De Bary and Sachs, and onwards to Goebel, Bow- 

 er, Campbell, and others. But the development of 

 general ideas of homology, differentiation, integra- 

 tion, substitution of organs, and the like has not been 

 less important. 



THE APPRECIATION OF FOSSILS. 



When natural science was young, fossils had been 

 regarded as " sports of nature '^ of a mineral sort, 

 as still-born expressions of the earth^s maternal vir- 

 tue, as victims of the E'oachian flood, and so on. 

 The artist and thinker Leonardo da Vinci (born 

 1452) did indeed maintain that fossils were what 

 they seemed to be — remains of animals that had once 

 lived; Bernard Palissy (1580) a century later, was 

 of the same opinion; and Steno, a Danish professor 

 in Padua, was equally shrewd. Thus, through Mar- 

 tin Lister, contemporary with Pay, we reach the 

 beginning of the nineteenth century when the foun- 

 dations of palaeontology were laid by Smith, Cuvier, 

 Lamarck, and Brongniart. The word palaeontology, 

 like the idea which it expresses, is quite modern. 

 Ducrotay de Blainville and Fischer von Waldheim 

 seem to have been responsible for the term (about 

 1830), and it soon afterwards became a household 

 word in science. 



But although Smith, Cuvier, Lamarck, and Alex. 

 Brongniart laid the foundations and made it impos- 



