I 



PROGRESS OF PSYCHOLOGY. 443 



binding them into an intelligible system by interpre- 

 tative hypotheses. 



CHANGES IN AIMS AND METHODS. 



Even those who insist that psychology is an an- 

 cient science (from Aristotle's De Anima) and not 

 one of the newest, will allow that the nineteenth 

 century, especially in its second half, witnessed great 

 changes in the aims and method of psychological 

 enquiry. The advance of physiology made a franker 

 recognition of the correlation of mind and body im- 

 perative; a growing intensity in the scientific mood 

 intruded methods of experimentation into a sphere 

 wherein they were formerly conspicuous by their ab- 

 sence; the naturalist advanced a plea for the consid- 

 eration of the animal mind alongside that of man ; 

 and the grip of the evolution-idea made itself felt 

 in the conviction that the " mind '' must be studied 

 as the product of individual development and of 

 racial history. 



As Prof. E. B. Titchener expresses it: — (1) 

 ^^ Modern psychology works upon the hypothesis that 

 there is no psychosis without neurosis ; no sooner has 

 it analysed a mental complex than it begins its search 

 for the neural substrate of the elementary conscious 

 processes.'^ . . . (2) " Experiment has been intro- 

 duced, not to oust the old-fashioned method of intro- 

 spection or self -observation, but to control it and 

 standardise its conditions, lifting the ^ facts ' of 

 psychology from the plane of opinion to the plane of 

 knowledge." . . . (3) Here we would interpolate 

 that psychology has followed physiology in becoming 

 comparative. (4) " Mind, instead of being dissected 

 and classified, in purely logical terms, into static bits 



