I 



PROGRESS OF PSYCHOLOGY. 457 



beng inborn or innate, requiring a liberating stimu- 

 lus, but neither experience nor education, though they 

 are often perfected thereby. They seem to be shared 

 by all the members of the species in almost the same 

 degree, though those of the male may differ from 

 those of the female, and they are of critical moment 

 in the struggle for existence. They differ from 

 simple reflexes in involving the activity of the higher 

 nerve-centres, and there seems no sufficient reason 

 for denying that they may be accompanied by some 

 measure of consciousness. 



Among the many contributions to the study of 

 instincts, we recall those of Bethe, Biichner, Darwin, 

 Forel, Groos, G. II. Lewes, Wesley Mills, Lloyd 

 Morgan, J. J. Murphy, Romanes, Schneider, Spald- 

 ing, Spencer, Thorn dike, Vogt, A. R. Wallace, Was- 

 mann, Weismann, C. O. Whitman, Ziegler. 



Although the progress of research has already 

 made many of his conclusions more than doubtful, 

 George John Romanes (1848-1894) should, in our 

 opinion, be remembered as one who did much to 

 place the study of comparative psychology on a scien- 

 tific basis. In his Animal Intelligence (1881) he 

 tried to sift the wheat of facts from the chaff of an- 

 ecdotes; in his Mental Evolution in Animals he 

 distinguished primary instincts, which arise, apart 

 from intelligence, in the course of natural selection, 

 and secondary instincts, which arise by the habitua- 

 tion and inheritance of originally intelligent be- 

 haviour ; in the same volume and in his Mental Evo- 

 lution in Man (1888) he made a detailed comparison 

 of the mental life of man and of animals. 



Some Lines of Modern Work. — An escape from 

 " the muddy quagmire of verbal dispute and the will- 

 o'-the-wisps of irresponsible speculation " is indi- 



