512 PROGRESS OF SCIENCE IN THE CENTURY. 



jackal or the kid, and the domestication of wild ani- 

 mals began. We can imagine how men imitated the 

 wolves by hunting in packs, or the pelicans in driv- 

 ing the fish shorewards to capture. Even monkeys 

 may use a stone as an instrument or co-operate to 

 lift some heavy object, and there seems no difficult 

 riddle in man's going much further. A shelter is 

 desirable, and it often needs combined labour to build 

 it or make it safe. The home got a hearth, and the 

 fire made itself felt as a socialiser. With home and 

 clothing property began. Not only were beasts 

 brought into service, but men unconsciously followed 

 the ants in making slaves of their captured human 

 enemies, and the resulting greater leisure implied 

 time for thought and for art. From simple stimuli 

 long continued the framework of a society was grad- 

 ually evolved. 



From a study of origins, always so misty, the 

 sociologist passes to surer ground when he traces the 

 evolution of tools and weapons, through the stone, 

 the copper, the bronze, the iron ages, and from simple 

 to complex forms; or when he shows how division 

 of labour, implied in the very fact of sex, becomes 

 more and more marked, the tool-maker being special- 

 ised from the tool-user, the warrior from the food- 

 provider, the preparer of skins from the hunter, and 

 so on through the whole list, and often with the most 

 circumstantial verification in existing imcivilised 

 social groups. 



Or, again, the sociologist may follow another line 

 of investigation, which is perhaps most characteristic 

 of the school of Le Play and well-represented in 

 Britain by the teaching of Prof. Patrick Geddes, that 

 of showing the social effects of the particular modes 

 of life, — hunting, shepherding, farming, and so on. 



