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CHAPTER IX. 



OUTSIDE AND IN. 



i. ' I "HE elementary study of methods of growth, 

 given in the following chapter, has been 

 many years written, (the greater part soon after 

 the fourth volume of ' Modern Painters ') ; and 

 ought now to be rewritten entirely ; but having 

 no time to do this, I leave it with only a word 

 or two of modification, because some truth and 

 clearness of incipient notion will be conveyed by 

 it to young readers, from which I can afterwards 

 lop the errors, and into which I can graft the finer 

 facts, better than if I had a less blunt embryo to 

 begin with. 



2. A stem, then, broadly speaking, (I had thus 

 began the old chapter,) is the channel of com- 

 munication between the leaf and root ; and if the 

 leaf can grow directly from the root, there is no 

 stem : so that it is well first to conceive of all 

 plants as consisting of leaves and roots only, with 

 the condition that each leaf must have its own 



