14 



INTRODUCTION. 



PLATE IV. 



Fig, 



DETERMINATION OF LEAVES continued. 



19. Folium articulatum, a jointed leaf, a species of compound 



leaf, in which the leaflets are produced each 

 from the summit of that immediately under it, 

 as in Cactus opuntia. This singular appear- 

 ance Berkenhout very properly compares to 

 the links of a chain. 



20. Folia stellata, leaves surrounding the stem in the form 



of a radiant star ; synonymous to verticillata. 



quaterna, leaves growing by fours ; a modifica- 

 tion of the two former terms. 



opposita, leaves growing in pairs. 



alterna, leaves ranged singly in succession on 



both sides of the stalk; the reverse of the 

 preceding term. 



imbricata, leaves laid over one another like tiles, 



(imbrex, a gutter tile) as in the genus Saxi- 

 fraga. 



acerosa, chaffy leaves ; leaves that are slender 



and of equal breadth throughout, somewhat 

 hard, evergreen, pointed like pins, and sur- 

 rounded at the base by chaffy scales. The 

 term is exemplified in Fir, Pine, Yew, and 

 Juniper. 



fasciculata, leaves which proceed in bundles 



(fasciculi) from the same point, as in the larch 

 tree, and some pines. 



21. 



22. 

 23. 



24. 



25. 



26. 



27. Frons, a composition of a leaf and branch. The trunk 

 of the palms and ferns is so termed by Lin- 

 neus. This term serves as a connecting link 

 betwixt leaves and trunks. The two following 

 terms belong to the division containing simple 

 leaves. 



Fig. 



28. Folium spathulatum, a leaf shaped like a spatUia, as m 



Cistus incanus, and Phlomis purpurea. 

 29. parabolicum, a leaf which, in figure, somewha 



resembles the geometrical curve termed a 



parabola. 



1. Culmus 



TRUNKS. 



squamosus, a scaly culm, straw, or haulm ; a 

 species of that trunk or stem which is peculiar 

 to the grasses. 



2. Caulis repens Sf scandens, a creeping and climbing stem, 



exemplified in Bignonia and Ivy. 



3. Scapus, a species of trunk which elevates the fructifi- 



cation, but not the leaves ; a naked flower- 

 stalk, exemplified in Auricula, and many of 

 the liliaceous plants. 



4. Culmus articulatus, a culm or straw that has knots or 



joints at certain intervals. 



5. Caulis volubilis, a twining stem, exemplified in Convol- 



vulus, Black Bryony, and Hop. 



6. dichotomies, (Si\a, in two parts, and Tffivu, to cut) 



a forked stem ; a compound stem, the divi- 

 sions of which are always by pairs ; as in 

 Cerastium dichotomum, andValeriana locusta. 



1 . brachiatus, (brachium, the arm) a simple stem, 



whose branches grow by pairs, resembling 

 arms ; as in Mercurialis annua. 



8. Stipes, the trunk of a fungus. The term is likewise used 

 for the basis or stalk of that peculiar species 

 of trunk called a frons. See fig. 27. in the 

 opposite column. 



