CAM 



OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. 



CAM 



231 



Campanula ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- 

 gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth five-parted, 

 acute, erect, expanding, superior. Corolla : monopetalous, 

 l>ell-form, impervious at the base, half five -cleft, marescent; 

 divisions broad, acute, spreading ; nectary in the bottom of 

 the corolla, composed of five valves, acute, converging, co- 

 vering the receptacle. Stamina : filamenta five, capillary, 

 very short, inserted on the tips of the valves of the nectary; 

 antherte longer than the filamenta, compressed. Pistil: 

 germen angular, inferior ; style filiform, longer than the 

 stamina; stigma three-parted, oblong, thickish ; divisions 

 revolute. Pericarp: capsule roundish, angular, three or 

 five celled, emitting the seeds at so many lateral openings. 

 Seeds.- numerous, small; receptacle, columnar, adnate. ES- 

 SENTIAL CHARACTER. Corolla: bell-form, the bottom closed 

 with staminiferous valves. Stigma : three-cleft. Capsule : 

 inferior, gaping, with lateral pores. The directions for 

 propagating and cultivating, which will be found subjoined 

 to various species of this genus, may serve for all the other 

 hardy annuals, biennials, and perennials, of which it consists. 

 Those species which come from the Cape of Good Hope, 

 must be kept in the dry-stove, and otherwise treated like the 

 plants from that country ; they may in general be increased 



from cuttings. The species are, 



* Leaves more glossy and narrow. 



1. Campanula Cenisia ; Ciliate Bell-flower. Stems one- 

 flowered ; leaves ovate, smooth, quite entire, subciliate. Root 

 perennial, creeping, often a foot long, dividing into several 

 branches at top ; corolla blue, divided to the middle into 

 five segments, which are frequently bent back, twice as long 

 as the calix ; capsule three-celled. Native of the higher 

 rocks of the Alps, about the Glacieres ; on the highest pike of 

 MontCenis, called Ronche ; by the head of the river Durance, 

 and on other neighbouring eminences ; also in Dauphiny ; 

 it flowers in June and July. 



2. Campanula Uniflora. Stem one-flowered ; calix equal- 

 ling the corolla. Root fibrous, annual; stem absolutely sim- 

 ple, the length of a finger, obliquely erect, round, entire ; 

 stem-leaves six or seven, alternate, the lowest vertically ovate, 

 the middle ones lanceolate, the uppermost linear, the last of 

 these is immediately under the flower. A single flower ter- 

 minates the stem ; it is nodding, bell-shaped, contracted 

 towards the base, and blue ; fruit turbinate, ovate, or pear- 

 shaped, very large in proportion to the plant, slightly in- 

 clined, opening with three holes near where the capsule 

 unites with the crowning calix. Native of the mountains of 

 Lapland, where it is very rare, and flowers in the beginning 

 of July. 



3. Campanula Pulla ; Russet 'Bell-flower. Stemlets one- 

 flowered ; stem-leaves ovate, crenate ; calices drooping. Root 

 filiform, creeping ; stems a short span in length, erect, flexu- 

 ose, filiform, sometimes having a branch or two bearing a 

 single flower ; root and stem-leaves ovate, obtuse, with a few 

 distant notches, naked and petioled ; peduncle terminating; 

 flower drooping, the same size as in the next sort, with a 

 smooth calix. There is a variety which has several flowers at 

 the top of the stalk ; the corolla is of a very deep blue. Na- 

 tive of the mountains of Austria, Carniola, and Arragon. 



4. Campanula Rotundifolia ; Round-leaved Bell-flower. 

 Radical leaves kidney-form ; stem-leaves linear. Root pe- 

 rennial, creeping, sweetish ; stems several, a foot or more 

 in height, varying from two inches to a yard, rather upright, 

 but weak and crooked, round, smooth, solid, milky, and 

 branched ; radical-leaves heart or kidney-form, petioled, 

 toothed (frequently quite entire ;) stem-leaves near the base, 

 lanceolate and toothed, near the summit linear and entire ; 



flower-branches spreading, simple or subdivided, almost na- 

 ked ; flowers nodding a little ; corolla blue, sometimes white; 

 calix permanent, segments linear, smooth, grooved, consider- 

 ably expanded when out of blossom ; nectary at the bottom 

 of the corolla, formed of five pointed valves, closing and 

 covering the receptacle, fringed, white; capsule three-celled. 

 The radical leaves, whence this plant has its name, are 

 usually hid in the herbage, and therefore seldom observed; 

 they also dry away and drop off, when it is advancing to 

 maturity. It grows plentifully on heaths and other waste 

 grounds, in dry hilly situations, flowering from June to Sep- 

 tember. A green pigment is obtained from the flowers ; the 

 juice stains blue, but with the addition of alum, green. The 

 stalks and branches, when broken, give out a milky juice, 

 which has a disagreeable smell. There are two varieties of 

 this species, but not worth noticing. 



5. Campanula Patula ; Spreading or Field Bell-flower. 

 Leaves stiff, the radical ones lanceolate-oval ; panicle spread- 

 ing. Root-leaves many together, spreading, small, roundish 

 or oval, soon turning yellowish ; those on the stems lanceo- 

 late, straight, and even. The herb, though bitter, being fre- 

 quently eaten down by cattle, side-branches spring up, and 

 flower till the winter frost destroys the root ; corolla of an 

 elegant form, tapering at the base, but spreading in the rim. 

 Native of Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Car- 

 niola, Piedmont; in corn fields, woods, hedges, and by road- 

 sides ; flowering in July and August : in England it is not 

 common. Lyttleton, Browne, and Merrett, found it at Ad- 

 ferton near Wigmore in Herefordshire ; Dillenius, in a wood 

 called Elberry Hill, about a mile from Worcester, and near 

 Bishop's Castle in Shropshire; Dr. Pulteney, by Buddon 

 wood near Loughborough, and between Litchfield and Me- 

 riden ; Mr. Nash, near Malvern ; Mr. Woodward, near the 

 bath at Litchfield, and on the road to Coleshill ; Dr. Smith, 

 in the park of the late Lord Ligonier, at Colsham in Surry. 

 It maybe propagated by seeds sown in autumn. 



6. Campanula Rapunculus ; Rampion. Leaves waved, 

 the radical ones lanceolate-oval ; panicle contracted. The 

 whole plant is full of a milky juice ; root biennial, spindle- 

 shaped, sometimes branching; stem upright, angular, two 

 feet high, hairy towards the base, smooth above ; branches 

 alternate, short, upright ; leaves towards the base of the stem 

 hairy, above, or on both sides, blunt ; the upper ones smooth 

 and becoming gradually more pointed, obscurely notched ; 

 an awl-shaped bracte at the base of each peduncle; segments 

 of the calix awl-shaped or setaceous, twice as long as the 

 germen, with a small tooth on each side of the base ; flowers 

 upright; corolla bluish purple, sometimes very pale purplish, 

 or whitish ; each segment marked with three lines ; nectary 

 fringed. It grows wild in France, Flanders, Switzerland, 

 Germany, Carniola, Piedmont, by hedges and road-sides, 

 and woods, in fallow-fields and dry pastures ; flowering in 

 June, July, and August. In England it has been found 

 growing near Croydon and Esher in Surry ; old Buckenham 

 Castle in Norfolk ; and about Hindlip and Enville in Wor- 

 cestershire. The fleshy roots are eatable, and are much culti- 

 vated in France for salads ; some years past it was cultivated 

 in the English gardens for the same purpose, but it is now 

 generally neglected. Haller says, that it is in great request 

 among the Swiss, in the spring ; and that it increases milk ; 

 the roots are eaten, not only raw in salads, but boiled like 

 asparagus ; they were boiled tender and eaten cold with 

 vinegar and pepper, in the time of Parkinson. This plant is 

 propagated by seeds, which should be sown in a shady bor- 

 der the latter end of May, and when the plants are about an 

 inch high, the ground should be hoed, as is practised for 



