CAR 



OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. 



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249 



therte dark purple ; pappus hairy, sessile, brown ; seeds 

 smooth. 



4. Carduus Nutans ; Musk Thistle. Leaves semi-decur- 

 rent, spiny; flowers drooping; scales of the calix spreading 

 at top. Stems from two to three feet high, overspread, as 

 nre also the leaves, peduncles, and calices, with a cottony 

 down ; peduncles one-flowered ; flower hanging down, smell- 

 ing very sweet, particularly in the evening. This plant is 

 well known to entomologists, on account of the moths which 

 feed upon it. The dried flowers of this species, as well as the 

 former, are sometimes used to curdle milk. It flourishes in a 

 calcareous soil, upon road sides, in a sandy or gravelly soil, 

 and is common on most of the fallows about Cambridge : it 

 is biennial, flowers in June, the earliest of the Thistles, and 

 is easily known by its nodding bright purple heads, and 

 musky scent ; it does not however confine itself to borders, 

 but takes possession of the arable lands in good soils, and 

 does real injury to the farmer. , 



5. Carduus Acanthoides ; Prickliest Thistle. Leaves de- 

 current, sinuate, spiny about the edge ; calices peduncled, 

 solitary, erect, villose ; flowers small, pale purple, crowded 

 on the top of the stem; the colour of the whole plant ash or 

 gray ; down simple, nearly as long as the corolla. Gerarde 

 calls it Thistle upon Thistle, and Parkinson, the most prickly 

 Thistle. It flowers from June until September, and is found 

 in most parts of Europe, upon ditch-banks, road-sides, waste 

 places, and borders of corn-fields. It is sometimes found 

 with white flowers, and in different situations varies from two 

 to five feet in height ; is more or less hairy, and has its flowers 

 more or less clustered. 



6. Carduus Crispus ; Curled Thistle. Leaves decurrent, 

 sinuate, spiny about the edge ; flowers aggregate, terminal ; 

 scales of the calix unarmed, subaristated, expanded. It 

 grows wild in the same soil and situations with the foregoing; 

 flowers about the same time ; and like that, is annual. 



7. Carduus Polyanthemus. Leaves decurrent, sinuate, 

 naked beneath ; flowers peduncled, heaped, usually three or 

 four at top, suhsessile ; peduncles curled, scarcely cob- 

 webbed ; corollas in the outside purple, in the disk red ; 

 antherae violet ; styles white ; stigmas purple. Biennial. 

 Native of Rome. 



8. Carduus Palustris ; Marsh Thistle. Leaves decurrent, 

 toothed, prickly at the edge ; flowers in racemes, upright ; 

 peduncles unarmed. Root biennial ; stem four, five, or six 

 feet in height, in woods frequently ten or twelve, upright ; 

 branched, multangular, hirsute with numerous long white 

 hairs, winged, prickly, variegated longitudinally with green 

 and purple. It is called the Red Thistle in Yorkshire; and 

 being never found except in wet places, it is not likely to be 

 mistaken for any other Thistle ; it has generally more purple 

 about it than the other species ; and formidable as its stems 

 and leaves are from their numerous prickles, the heads of 

 flowers and peduncles are perfectly harmless. The tender 

 stalks of this plant, like most of the genus, are esculent when 

 peeled and boiled, and are thus eaten, as Linneus informs us, 

 by the inhabitants of Smoland. It grows wild in most parts 

 of Europe, in marshes, boggy woods, and moist heaths, com- 

 mons, and meadows, flowering in July : it varies with a white 

 flower, as most of the Thistles occasionally do. 



9. Carduus Pycnocephalus ; Italian Thistle. Leaves de- 

 current, pinnatifid-sinuate, pubescent, spiny ; peduncles 

 naked, tomentose ; calices deciduous. Native of the south- 

 ern parts of Europe. 



10. Carduus Argentatus. Leaves decurrent, runcinate, 

 spiny ; peduncles subtomentose, one-flowered ; calices ovate 

 nuK-ronate, unarmed. Stem a foot high, flexuose, even, 



VOL. i. 21. 



alternately branched ; corolla very small, purple, mixed with 

 the down, scarcely gaping ; antherae blue ; down ash-co- 

 loured. It is an annual plant. Native of Egypt. 



11. Carduus Australis. Leaves decurrent, runcinate, 

 spiny ; calices subsessile, terminal. Stem a foot high, round, 

 striated, woolly, villose ; corolla consisting of about eight 

 purple floscules. Native of southern Europe. 



12. Carduus Dissectus ; Meadow Thistle. Leaves decur- 

 rent, lanceolate ; toothlets unarmed ; calices spiny ; flowers 

 red. The leaves are wholly destitute of prickles. 



13. Carduus Cyanoides ; Bluebottle-leaved Thistle. Leaves 

 decurrent, pinnatifid, linear, quite entire, unarmed, petioled, 

 tomentose beneath. The leaves have a white cotton under- 

 neath. Grows wild in Tartary. 



14. Carduus Canus ; Hoary Thistle. Leaves decurrent, 

 lanceolate, erose-toothed, ciliate-prickled, cobwebbed, sub- 

 villose on both sides. Roots fusiform, aggregate, fleshy, 

 white like skerrets ; stem four feet high, green, angular, 

 cob-webbed ; flowers solitary, purple ; calices unarmed, 

 with a white line on the outside of the scales. Perennial ; 

 flowering in July ; and a native of Austria and Tende. 



15. Carduus Pectinatus. Leaves decurrent, lanceolate, 

 pinnatifid-pectinate ; peduncles very long; heads, when past 

 flowering, drooping. Stem two feet high, erect, even.unarmed, 

 as is the whole plant ; leaves uninterrupted, decurrent, with 

 a pale keel beneath, pinnatifid or very deeply toothed ; 

 flowers the size of Burdock, purple, with a long pistil ; fila- 

 menta white, erect. Biennial : sent from Pennsylvania. 



16. Carduus Defloratus ; Various-leaved Thistle Leaves 

 decurrent, lanceolate, serrate, subspinose-ciliate, naked; 

 peduncles very long, lanuginous, one-flowered. Stems many, 

 angular, smooth, leafy, generally simple ; peduncles leafless, 

 somewhat woolly, very few; flower solitary, red. Perennial. 

 Native of Montpellier, Switzerland, Carniola, and Gorizia. 



17. Garduus Monspessulanus ; Montpellier Thistle. Leaves 

 decurrent. lanceolate, subrepand, smooth, unequally ciliate; 

 peduncles alternate ; calices unarmed. Perennial. Found 

 about Montpellier, and in the county of Nice. 



18. Carduus Pannonicus. Leaves semi-decurrent, naked, 

 undivided, ciliate ; flowers subsolitary. Unarmed ; leaves 

 smooth and even, with soft bristles; corolla pale purple. 

 Perennial : and a native of Austria. 



19. Carduus Tuberosus : Tuberous Thistle. Leaves subde- 

 current, petioled, subpinnatifid, spiny; stem unarmed; flowers 

 solitary ; corolla purple ; down simple : perennial : flowering 

 in July and August. Native of Montpellier, Leipsic, Bohe- 

 mia, the Palatinate, Austria, Geneva, Switzerland, and the 

 county of Nice. 



20. Carduus Chius. Leaves stem-clasping, the lower ones 

 semidecurrent, semipinnatifid, ciliate-spinulose ; stem un- 

 armed; peduncles one-flowered. Stem the height of a man, 

 branching from top to bottom, angular, villose, erect. Na- 

 tive of Chios. 



21. Carduus Parviflorus; Small-flowered Thistle . Leaves 

 adnate at the base, lanceolate, naked, erose, ciliate-spinu- 

 lous, unarmed. Stem erect ; leaves repand-toothed, green on 

 both sides ; flowers terminal, peduncled, white, with very 

 long styles. Perennial. Native of the southern subalpine 

 mountains. 



22. Carduus Linearis. Leaves sessile, linear, ciliate-spiny, 

 smooth ; flowers terminal, solitary. Stem herbaceous, erect, 

 round, striated, smooth, unarmed, a foot high and upwards; 

 branches alternate, spreading, like the stem, a little tomen- 

 tose at the end ; flowers small ; calices subtomentose at the 

 base, smooth at the top. Native of Japan. 



23. Carduus Casabonae ; Fish TUttle. Leaves sessile, 

 3S 



