258 



CAR 



THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; 



CAR 



dropsies. The powder of the dried root is said to kill worms, 

 remove obstructions of the menses, and prove serviceable in 

 defluxions on the lungs, or other parts of the body ; but 

 though it be not altogether destitute of virtues, more are 

 evidently attributed to it than it really deserves. 



5. Carlina Racemosa; Racemed Carline Thistle. Flowers 

 sessile, lateral, very few. The leaves have three nerves ; the 

 two side-ones run distinctly from the base to the middle, 

 and then unite with the other ; in each, small nerves run 

 parallel across, from the principal to the side-nerves. Na- 

 tive of a dry soil in Spain and Provence. 



6. Carlina Pyrenaica ; Pyrenean Carline Thistle. Stem 

 many-flowered; leaves decurrent,runcinated. Leaves tomen- 

 toseon both sides; the pinnas hastate- toothed, with a yellow- 

 ish spine at each apex. Native of the Pyrenees towards Spain. 



7. Carlina Xeranthemoidcs. Shrubby, branching, tomen- 

 tose : leaves linear, subulate; serratures spinescent ; panicle 

 terminal; ray yellow. A handsome shrub; stem round, co- 

 vered with wool pressed close ; leaves scattered, not decurrent, 

 terminating in a spine; upper surface green, smooth, lower 

 white with wool. -Observed by Masson in Barancas about 

 Chasna. 



8. Carlina Atractyloides. Stem branching ; calices with 

 ciliate spines. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. 



9. Carlina Acanthifolia. Stemless : leaves sinuate, pinna- 

 tifid, tomentose ; divisions half two-lobed, pungent ; flower 

 large, sessile, with white-coloured scales ; bractes lanceolate 

 having ternate diverging spines placed in a pinnate order, the 

 middle one longer and stronger before the flower opens : 

 these bractes represent a beautifully netted hemisphere, and 

 when this is open they are reflected. This is the species, the 

 receptacle of which is eaten, either as the artichoke, or pre- 

 served with honey and sugar. Native of mountains of the 

 Vaudois, and other high alps. 



Carnation. See Dianthus. 



Carob-tree. See Ceratonia. 



Cdrolinea; a genus of the class Monadelphia, order Poly- 

 andria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed, 

 bell-form, truncate, quite entire, very short, deciduous. Co- 

 rolla : petals five, ensiform, very long, somewhat erect. Sta- 

 mina : monadelphous ; filamenta very numerous, connate at 

 the base, filiform, very long; antherae oblongish, erect. Pistil: 

 germen inferior, oblong, cylindric ; style filiform, the length 

 of the stamina ; stigma simple. Pericarp : pome ovate, five- 

 grooved, two-celled. Seeds: twin, one above the other, ovate, 

 gibbous, fkttish within. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Monogy- 

 nous. Calix: simple, tubular, truncate. Petals: ensiform. 

 Pome: five-grooved, two-celled. The plants of this genus 

 may be propagated by seeds or by cuttings, in a light loamy 

 soil, plunged in the bark-stove, and watered moderately in 

 summer, but sparingly in winter. The species are, 



1. Carolinea Princeps. Leaflets about five, ovate-lan- 

 ceolate. It is a large thornless tree ; leaves alternate, petio- 

 led, digitate; leaflets three or five, broad lanceolate, sub- 

 petioled, quite entire; stipules two, short, caducous; flowers 

 solitary, axillary, sessile, very large and beautiful ; petals yel- 

 low ; filamenta red ; antherse purple. The fruit has the ap- 

 pearance of that of the Chocolate, (Theobroma) torulose and 

 obovate, with seeds like almonds ; the cotyledons plaited. 

 The seeds are eatable, but are very flatulent when taken raw 

 in any considerable quantity. Native of Guiana, in salts by 

 the banks of rivers. 



2. Carolinea Insignis. Leaflets about seven, ovate-ob- 

 long. Native of Tobago, and Vera Cruz. 



Caroxylon ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- 

 gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth two-leaved, 



suborbiculate, rude, concave within, keeled on the out- 

 side, very thin at the edge, erect, shorter than the corolla. 

 Corolla: one-petalled, five-parted; tube none; border segments 

 obtuse, broad, roundish, concave, curled, membranous, ex- 

 panding, yellowish or dusky purple ; nectary scales five, 

 inserted into the middle of the corolla, somewhat narrower 

 and shorter, and connate with it at bottom ; they are placed 

 on the converging fruit, are ovate, sharpish, concave, mem- 

 branous, yellowish with a greenish base. Stamina; fila- 

 menta five, inserted into the side of the germen, shorter than 

 the corolla, white, capillary; anthers; very small. Pistil: 

 germen superior, conic; smooth; style simple, shorter than, 

 the corolla, erect, white ; stigmas two, revolute, whitish, 

 seldom simple. Pericarp: none. Seed: one, depressed, 

 round, green, spiral, clothed with a very thin membrane, 

 covered with the permanent tilamenta and nectary. ESSKX- 

 TIAL CHARACTER. Corolla : five-petalled. Nectary : five- 

 leaved, converging, inserted into the corolla. Seed : clothed. 

 The only known species is, 



1. Caroxylon Salsola. Root perennial ; stem arborescent, 

 erect, very branching, naked ; branches scattered, stiff, flex- 

 uose, spreading, subdivided. The Africans make soap with 

 the ashes of this plant and mutton suet. 



Carpesium ; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly- 

 gamia Superfiua.. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : common 

 imbricate ; the exterior leaflets larger, spreading, reflex ; 

 the interior ones equal, close, shorter. Corolla : compound 

 equal ; corollets hermaphrodite in the disk, female in the 

 circumference ; the proper one in the hermaphrodites funnel- 

 form, border quinquefid, spreading; in the females tubular, 

 quinquefid, converging. Stamina .- in the hermaphrodites 

 five, short; anthera? cylindric. Pistil: in the hermaphro- 

 dites, germen oblong ; style simple ; stigma bifid : in the 

 females very similar to the hermaphrodites. Pericarp : none. 

 Calix: unchanged. Seeds: in the hermaphrodites obovate, 

 naked ; in the females very similar to the hermaphrodites. 

 Receptacle: naked. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: imbri- 

 cate ; the outer scales reflex. Down : none ; receptacle 

 naked. The species are, 



1. Carpesium Cerauum ; Dronping Carpesium. Flowers 

 terminal. Root perennial ; stem leafy, erect, from one to two 

 feet high, round, striated, hirsute, branched at top. Accord- 

 ing to Miller, it is a biennial plant ; flowering in July, and 

 ripening the seeds in September. Native of the south of 

 France, Italy, Carniola, Austria, Switzerland, and Japan. 

 The seeds must be sown upon a bed of light earth in the 

 spring ; and when the plants come up, if they be thinned 

 and kept clean from weeds, they will require no other cul- 

 ture. The second year they will flower and produce seeds; 

 soon after which the plants decay. 



2. Carpesium Abrotanoides. Flowers lateral. Stems 

 branching, hardish ; leaves alternate, seeds oblong, naked, 

 smooth, smeared with a kind of balsam. Native of China and 

 Japan. The seed should be sown on a hot-bed in the spring, 

 and when the plants are fit to remove, they should be each 

 planted in asingle pot ; and when the weather becomes warm, 

 they may be exposed, but in autumn they must be housed. 



Carpinus ; a genus of the class Monoecia, order Polyan- 

 dria. GENERIC CHARACTER. Male flowers, disposed in a cy- 

 lindric ament. Calix: ament common on all sides, loosely 

 imbricate, consisting of scales, ovate, concave, acute, 

 ciliate, uniflorous. Corolla : none. Stamina : filamenta 

 generally ten, very small ; anthera; didymous, compressed, 

 villose at the tip, bivalve. Female dowers, disposed in a long 

 ament upon the same plant. Calix: ament common, loosely 

 imbricate, consisting of lanceolate scales, which are villose. 



