CAR 



OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. 



CAR 



259 



reflected at the tip, uniflorous. Corolla : caliciforin, mono- 

 phyllous six-cleft ; two of the divisions larger than the rest. 

 Pistil: germina two, very short, two styles on each, capil- 

 lan, coloured, long; stigmas simple. Pericarp: none ; 

 tunent becoming very large, concealing the seed at the base 

 of each scale. Seed: nut ovate, angular. ESSENTIAL CHA- 

 UACTER. Calix : one-leafed, with a ciliate scar. Corolla: 

 none. Male. Stamina twenty. Female. Germina two, 



with two styles on each ; nut ovate. The species are, 



1. Carpinus Betulus; Horn-beam, Hard-beam, Horse-beech, 

 Horn-beech, fFych-hasel. Scales of the strobiles flat. Leaves 

 ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, strongly nerved, bright 

 green, smooth, three inches or more in length, and nearly 

 two in breadth, on round petioles which are slightly pubes- 

 cent, half an inch in length, and having ovate red glandules 

 at their base ; they begin to open about the end of March, 

 and are usually quite out by the middle of April : the 

 flowers are in full blow towards the end of the same month. 

 The Horn -beam is very common in many parts of England, 

 but is rarely suffered to grow as a timber tree,' being gene- 

 rally reduced to pollards by the country people ; yet, where 

 the young trees have been properly treated, they have grown 

 to a large size. Mr. Miller says, " I have seen some of them 

 in woods upon a cold stiff clay, which have been nearly 

 twenty feet high, with large noble fine stems, perfectly straight 

 and sound." The Eastern Hornbeam, which is a variety of 

 this species, rarely rises above ten or twelve feet high. As 

 the common Hornbeam will thrive upon cold barren exposed 

 hills, and in such situations where few other sorts will grow, 

 the proprietors of such lands may cultivate it to great advan- 

 tage : it will resist the violence of winds better than most 

 other trees, and is by no means slow of growth. Those 

 which are propagated for timber, should be raised from seeds 

 upon the very spot where they are designed to be hewn down, 

 and not brought from better soils and warmer situations, as 

 is often the case : they should not be propagated by layers, 

 according to the common method, when they are merely in- 

 tended for hedges and underwood; which answers well enough 

 for those purposes, but ought not to be preferred in raising 

 timber trees. The seeds should be sown in autumn soon after 

 they are ripe, for if they be kept out of the ground until the 

 spring, the plants will not come up till the following year. 

 When the plants appear, they must be kept clean from 

 weeds, and treated as other forest trees : they will be fit to 

 transplant in two years' time; for, like all timber trees, if they 

 are at all transplanted, the sooner-it is done the larger they 

 will grow, and the more durable and firm will their wood 

 become ; and hence, as above stated, they ought if possible 

 to be planted at first where they are always to remain. If 

 these trees be not intermixed with others, they should be 

 planted pretty close, especially on the outside of the planta- 

 tions, that they may protect and draw each other up : and 

 if they be kept clean from weeds three or four years, it will 

 greatly promote their growth ; after that they will have 

 obtained sufficient strength to keep down the weeds them- 

 selves. For a wood of Hornbeam, Mr. Hanbury recommends 

 to prepare the ground by a crop of Oats, Barley, or Turnips, 

 to plough very deep when these are off, to harrow well, and 

 just before planting to cross-plough and harrow as before. 

 To plant from the seminary at two years old, in four-feet 

 rows, at two feet distance in the rows. When they are too 

 thick, to remove every other tree, and to thin them afterwards 

 as often as their heads touch. Where hares and rabbits can- 

 not be kept out, the plants must continue in the nursery, 

 till their leading shoots are out of reach. As the trees 

 advance in growth, they must be thinned with caution, cutting 



away the most unpromising plants gradually, so as not to let 

 in too much cold at once, especially on the borders of the 

 plantations, The timber of this tree is very tough and flexible, 

 and might be converted to many useful purposes, if it were 

 suffered to grow to a proper size ; but as this is not allowed, 

 the principal uses it is applied to is for turnery ware, for 

 which it is an excellent wood ; for mill-cogs, heads of beetles, 

 stocks, and handles of tools, and yokes : it is also excellent 

 for fuel. As the leaves remain till the young buds in the 

 spring thrust them off, so they afford much shelter for birds 

 in winter ; this also renders them very proper to plant round 

 the borders of other plantations in exposed situations, to de- 

 fend and promote the growth of more tender trees : it also 

 preserves itself well from the bruttings of deer, so that the 

 clumps of this tree are proper in parks both for beauty and 

 shelter. There is a variety with striped leaves, which is 

 propagated by budding on the common sort, but the colours 

 are neither strong nor lively. 



2. Carpinus Ostrya ; Hop Horn-beam. Scales of the stro- 

 biles inflated. This in general habit resembles the first spe- 

 cies, but is smaller. Native. of Italy and Germany. 



3. Carpinus Virginiana ; Flowering Horn-beam. Leaves 

 lanceolate-acuminate ; strobiles very long. About 30 feet 

 high, and of quicker growth than the former. Native of 

 Virginia and Canada. 



4. Carpinus Duinensis. Scales subcordate, doubly toothed: 

 female ament ovate. This is about two fathoms high. 

 Native of Carniola. 



Carpodetus ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- 

 gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth turbinate, 

 fastened to the germen, five-toothed ; teeth subulate, deci- 

 duous. Corolla : petals five, ovate, small, inserted into the 

 margin of the calix. Stamina : filamenta five, subulate, 

 short, inserted into the margin of the calix; ant hone round- 

 ish. Pistil: germen inferior ; style filiform, longer than the 

 stamina; stigma flat -headed. Pericarp: berry dry, globu- 

 lar, surrounded with the margin of the calix, fastened to it 

 like a ring, five-celled. Seeds: a few, slightly angular. 

 ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Caliz : five-toothed, fastened to 

 the germen. Corolla: five-petalled. Stigma: flat-headed. 

 Berry : globular, five-celled. The only species known is, 



1. Carpodetus Serratus. Native of New Zealand. 



Carrot. See Daucus. 



Carrot Candy. See Atlmmanta. 



Carthamus; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Poly- 

 gamia ^Equalis. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: common 

 ovate, imbricate ; scales numerous, contracted below, in- 

 creased at the tip by a foliaceous appendicle, which is sub- 

 ovate, flat, spreading, obtuse. Corolla : compound uni- 

 form, tubular ; corollets hermaphrodite, equal ; the proper 

 one monopetalous, funnel-form ; border five-parted, erect, 

 subequal. Stamina : filamenta five, capillary, very short ; 

 antherae cylindric, tubular. Pistil: germen very short ; style 

 filiform, longer than the stamina ; stigma simple ; pericarp 

 none. Calix : converging. Seeds .- solitary. Receptacle : 

 flat, pilose, hairs longer than the seed. ESSENTIAL CHA- 

 RACTER. Calix: ovate imbricate with scales, which at the 

 end are subovate-foliaceous. The species are, 



1 . Carthamus Tinctorius ; Officinal Bastard Saffron, or 

 Safflower. Leaves ovate, entire, serrate-aculeate. This is 

 an annual plant, which rises with a stiff ligneous stalk, two 

 feet and a half or three feet high, dividing upwards into many 

 branches, with ovate pointed sessile leaves. The flowers 

 grow single at the extremity of each branch ; the heads 

 are large, inclosed in a scaly calix , the lower part of the 

 calix spreads open, but the scales above closely embrace 



