26-2 



CAR 



THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL; 



CAR 



warm pungent taste : given in substance from a scruple to 

 halfadrachm, theydispel wind from the stomach, and greatly 

 strengthen that organ : the seeds bruised, and made into a 

 poultice, will remove the marks occasioned by blows, falls, 

 or bruises ; and are good in hysteric fits. The best season 

 for sowing the seeds of Caraway is in autumn, soon after 

 they are ripe, when they will more certainly grow than those 

 sown in the spring ; and the plants which rise in the autumn 

 generally flower the following season, so that a summer's 

 growth is hereby saved : when the plants co me up, the ground 

 should be hoed to destroy the weeds, and where the plants 

 are too close they must be thinned, in the same manner as is 

 practised for Carrots, leaving them three or four inches apart : 

 in the following spring they will require to be twice more 

 hoed, which will keep the ground clean till the seeds are 

 ripe, then the stalks must be pulled up and tied in bundles, 

 setting them upright to dry, when the seeds may be threshed 

 out for use. The method of culture in Essex, where it has 

 long been cultivated, is, about the beginning of March to 

 plough some old pasture land ; (if it have been pasture for a 

 century, the better, especially if the soil be a strong clayey 

 loam) twelve pounds of Carraway seeds are mixed with ten 

 of Coriander, and twelve pounds of Teasel seed; this is suffi- 

 cient for one acre, and is sown directly after the plough, 

 harrowingpthe land well : when the plants appear of sufficient 

 strength to bear the hoe, which will not be till about ten 

 weeks after sowing, it must not be omitted ; and in the course 

 of the summer the crop will require three hoeings, besides 

 one at Michaelmas, each costing about eight shillings an 

 acre. The Coriander being annual, will be fit to cut about the 

 beginning of July, and is reaped at four shillings the acre; 

 it is left" in the field after cutting, and threshed by the day on 

 a cloth, in the same manner as rape seed. About April fol- 

 lowing, the Caraway and Teasel will want a good hoeing, 

 done deep and well, and another about the beginning of June, 

 which hoeings are performed at the rate of seven shillings 

 each per acre : the Caraway will be fit to cut the beginning 

 of July, and must be threshed in the same manner as the 

 Coriander. The Teasel will not be ready till the middle of 

 September. Some of the plants of Caraway and Teasel do 

 not perfect their seeds till the third or fourth year, though in 

 general there is a crop the second year, yet enough is left 

 for a crop the third year ; and the seeds that are scattered 

 from the crop the second year, often come to perfection in 

 the fourth ; and there are several instances of its being con- 

 tinued for seven years : the usual way, however, is to plough 

 directly after the crop is gathered the third year, and to sow 

 Wheat, of which commonly a very good crop is obtained, the 

 land being in fine order from the rotting of the turf, and 

 repeated hoeings. The produce of Caraway on the very rich 

 old lays, in the hundreds or low lands of Essex, has often 

 been twenty hundred-weight to an acre. There is always a 

 demand for the seed in the London market, where it some- 

 times sells as low as twelve shillings the hundred-weight, and 

 has been up to fifty shillings, but is mostly on an average at 

 twenty-one shillings. The land can only be filled with plants; 

 and the more one predominates, the less must reasonably be 

 expected of the others. This compound crop is mostly sown 

 on land so strong, as to require a little previous exhaustion 

 to prepare it for corn. Caraway and Coriander are oftenest 

 sown without Teasel, the latter being a troublesome and 

 uncertain crop, and the produce of Caraway much greater 

 without it. 



Caryocar ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Tetra- 

 gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth quinque- 

 partite, coloured ; divisions obtuse, concave, deciduous. 



Corolla : petals five, oval, concave, large. Stamina : filaments 

 numerous, filiform; antherae oblong. Pistil: eerinen glo- 

 bose; styles four; stigmas obtuse. Pericarp: drupe fleshy, 

 spherical, very large. Seerf:nuts one to four, oval-triquetrous, 

 reticulated with furrows, angulated with a suture on one side. 

 ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calir: five-parted. Petals: five. 

 Styles: usually four. Drupe: with four nuts, reticulated 

 with furrows. The only known species is, 



1 . Caryocar Nuciferum. A tall tree, with ternate leaves ; 

 calix and corolla purple ; drupe the size of the human head; 

 nuts esculent, having the taste of almonds. Native of Ber- 

 bice and Essequibo. 



Caryophyllus ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Mo- 

 nogynia. -GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth of the fruit 

 superior, quadripartite, acute, small, permanent ; perianth 

 of the flower superior, tetraphyllous ; leaflets roundish, 

 concave, deciduous. Corolla .- petals four, roundish, crenate, 

 smaller than the calix of the flower. Stamina : filamenta 

 numerous, capillary; anthera? simple. Pistil: germen in- 

 ferior, oblong, large, terminating in the calix of the fruit ; 

 style simple, inserted into the quadrangular receptacle ; 

 stigma simple. Pericarp: oval, unilocular, terminated by the 

 hardened converging calix of the fruit, umbilicate. Seed : 

 single, oval, large. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : four- 

 leaved, duplicate. Corolla : four-petalled. Berry : one- 

 seeded, inferior. The only known species is, 



1. Caryophyllus Aromaticus ; Clove Tree. According to 

 Mr. Miller, this tree rises to the height of a common Apple- 

 tree, but the trunk generally divides at about four or five 

 feet from the ground, into three or four large limbs, which 

 grow erect, and are covered with a smooth thin bark, which 

 adheres closely to the wood ; these limbs divide into many 

 small branches, which form a sort of conical figure : the 

 leaves are like those of the Bay-tree, and are placed opposite 

 on the branches. The flowers are produced in loose bunches 

 at the end of the branches ; are small, white, and have u 

 great number of stamina, which are much longer than the 

 petals ; they are succeeded by oval berries, which are crowned 

 with the calix, divided into four parts, and spreading flat on 

 the toj) of the fruit ; which, when beaten from the trees before 

 it is half grown, is the Clove so commonly used all over Eu- 

 rope. The Clove-tree is not confined to Banda and Amboyna, 

 but is found in all the Moluccas, in many of the South SI 

 islands, New Guinea, and the neighbouring isles : it also 

 grows wild in Cochin-china, where it has scarcely any smell 

 or taste. There are no plants of this remarkable tree in 

 either, the English or Dutch gardens; indeed the Dutch have 

 ever been particularly jealous lest other nations should share 

 the spice-trade with them, and will not suffer them to grow 

 wild any where if they can prevent it. Captain Rofy told 

 Dampier, that he was sent to the uninhabited islands on pur- 

 pose to cut them down, and that he actually destroyed seven 

 or eight hundred trees at different times. But notwithstand- 

 ing the unremitting caution and watchfulness of Dutch ava- 

 rice, the French, at Cayenne and elsewhere, have had this 

 valuable tree for some time in their possession. It has been 

 received into the British botanic garden in the island of St. 

 Vincent, and was sent thence to Barbadoes in 17!4. The 

 Clove is esteemed one of the hottest and most acrid sub- 

 stances of the aromatic class ; and is often used, not only 

 internally but externally, as a stimulant ; as, for example, in 

 paralytic cases, wherein the oil of Cloves has been advan- 

 tageously administered. It is often used in the tooth-ache, 

 and frequently succeeds in suddenly subduing the pain. 

 A tincture of Cloves in rectified spirits, and an essential oil 

 extracted from them, are kept in the shops, but the latter is 



