C I C 



OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. 



C I N 



801 



weeds, and about the beginning of July your seeds will begin 

 to ripen ; as soon as you find the seeds quite ripe, you must 

 cut off the stalks, and expose them to the sun upon a coarse 

 cloth to dry, and then beat out the seeds, which must be 

 dried ;md put in bags of paper, and preserved for use in some 

 dry place : but be cautious not to wait for all the seeds 

 ripening upon the same plant, for if so, all the first-ripe and 

 best of the seeds will scatter and be lost before the others be 

 nearly ripe, so great an inequality is there in the time of 

 ripening the seeds of the same plant. 



2. Cichorium Spinosum ; Prickly Succory. Stems dicho- 

 tomous ; brandies naked, spinescent ; flowers axillary, soli- 

 tary. This sends out many long leaves from the root, which 

 are indented on their edges, spreading flat on the ground ; 

 flowers blue. Native of the islands of the Archipelago, and 

 of Sicily, in dry sandy places near the coast. In England the 

 plant is biennial, but is frequently killed by cold winters ; it 

 flowers and seeds about the same time as the first sort, and 

 may be treated in the oame way as the Endive. 



Cicuta ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Digynia. 

 GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : umbel universal, roundish; 

 rays very many, equal ; partial roundish, with very many 

 equal setaceous rays. Involucre universal, none ; partial 

 many leaved ; leaflets bristly, short : perianth proper, scarcely 

 visible. Corolla : universal uniform ; floscules all fertile ; 

 proper of five ovate, inflected, nearly equal petals. Stamina : 

 filamenta five, capillary, longer than the corolla ; antherae 

 simple. Pistil : germen inferior ; styles two, filiform, longer 

 than the corolla, permanent ; stigmas headed. Pericarp : 

 none ; fruit subovate, furrowed, bipartite. Seeds: two, sub- 

 ovate, convex, and striated on one side, flat on the other. 



ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Fruit : subovate, furrowed. 



The species are, 



1. Cicuta Virosa ; Long-leaved Water Hemlock. Umbels 

 opposite-leaved ; petioles margined, obtuse. Stem round, 

 hollow, two to four feet high; leaves twice ternate, larger 

 ones pinnate; leaflets lanceolate, acute, the serratures white 

 at (he tip ; antherae white or reddish purple ; styles at first 

 short and very close, after flowering much longer ; stigmas 

 white, obtuse. This plant generally grows near the sides of 

 large stagnant waters, or in shallow slow rivers, in England, 

 and all the north of Europe, but not common with us. 

 Towards the end of autumn, the root for the succeeding 

 summer is formed out of the lower part of the stalk ; this is 

 divided transversely into many large unequal cells, so that 

 it becomes specifically lighter than water, and in winter, 

 when the rivers or pools swell, is buoyed up ; the old root 

 then rots, floats all the winter, and in rivers is frequently 

 carried to great distances. In the spring the old root is 



];(! away, and the new one, on coming near the soil, 

 - out many slender fibres, by which it is again fixed, 

 . s, and flowers. This plant is one of the rankest of our 

 table poisons; numerous instances of the fatal effects of it 

 are recorded in the Philosophical Transactions by Dr. Watson, 

 upon the authority of Wepfer, Haller, and others. Linneus 

 informs us that it is fatal lo swine ; and Withering observes, 

 that early in the spring, cows often eat of it, and are killed 

 by it ; fjut that as summer advances, and its scent becomes 

 stronger, they carefully avoid it : he adds, that horses and 

 sheep arc not affected by eating it, and that goats greedily 

 devour it with impunity. Strong emetics, succeeded by vege- 

 table acids or oils, are the most approved remedies for coun- 

 teracting this poison. 



2. Cicuta Bulbifera. Branches bulbiferous. The leaves 

 are divided into very minute capillary segments ; the flowers 

 are white, with the smell of Cumin flowers. Native of watery 



VOL. i. 2<J. 



places in Virginia and Canada. This, and the next species, 

 may >>e propagated by seeds sown in autumn on a shady bor- 

 der ; the plants will come up in the spring, and require no 

 other care but to keep them clean. 



3. Cicuta Maculata; Spotted Water Hemlock. Serratures 

 of the leaves mucronate ; petioles membranaceous, two-lobed 

 at the end ; stem thick, spotted with purple, three feet high 

 and more; leaves black, shining, triply pinnate; flowers 

 white ; fruit middle-sized, ovate-globular, thick, gibbous, 

 distantly ribbed. Root perennial. Native of watery places 

 in Virginia, Switzerland, &c. 



Cimicifuga ; a genus of the class Polyandria, order Tetra- 

 gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix .- perianth five-leaved ; 

 leaflets roundish, concave, caducous. Corolla ; nectaries 

 four, petal-shaped, urceolate, cartilaginous. Stamina: fila- 

 menta twenty, filiform ; antherae twin. Pistil : germina 

 four to seven ; styles recurved ; stigmas longitudinal on the 

 st)le. Pericarp: capsules oblong, opening with a lateral 

 suture. Seeds: many, covered with spreading scales, ES- 

 SENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix : four or five leaved. Nectaries : 



four, urceolate. Capsules : four to seven. The only 



species is, 



1. Cimicifuga Foetida ; Stinking Bugbane. Root peren- 

 nial, thick, knotty, short, with many thickish fibres creeping 

 transversely ; stem sometimes two yards in height, red at the 

 base, thence pale green, slightly hirsute, scarcely striated ; 

 leaves pinnated; leaflets egg-shaped, serrated ; flowers inlong 

 terminating racemes, alternate, globular, on very short pedi- 

 cels. The flowering-spike hangs down at first, but becomes 

 erect as the flowers open. The whole plant has a strong virose 

 smell, occasioning the head-ache : it flowers in the middle of 

 July, ripens its seed in the middle of August; and is a native 

 of the farther Siberia, from the river Jenisca. 



Cinchona : a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- 

 gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth one-leafed, 

 superior, short, five-toothed, permanent ; teeth sharp. Co- 

 rolla : monopetalous, funnel-shaped, five-cleft ; tube long, 

 obscurely angular ; segments lanceolate or linear, equalling 

 the tube. Stamina : filamenta five, in the middle of the tube; 

 antherse linear, erect. Pistil: germen inferior, turbinate, 

 obscurely angular ; style the length of the stamina ; stigma 

 thick, bifid or entire. Pericarp : capsule crowned with the 

 calix, bipartile, opening into two parts inwardly, the parti- 

 tion parallel. Seeds : many, oblong, compressed, surrounded 

 by a membranaceous wing. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Cap- 

 sule : inferior, two-celled, bipartile ; the valves parallel to 

 the partitions, opening inwardly. The Cinchonas are trees; 

 the branches are round, except at the top, where they are 

 obscurely four-cornered ; the flowering branches are alter- 

 nately compressed ; the leaves are opposite, undivided, and 

 quite entire ; the inflorescence, in most of the species, is a 



brachiate panicle, with trifid peduncles. The species are, 



* Flowers tomentose ; Stamina included. 



1. Cinchona Olficinalis ; Common Jesuit's bark, or Offici- 

 nal Cinchona. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, smooth ; capsules 

 oblong. This is a tall tree, with a trunk rather bigger than 

 a man's thigh ; the branches are covered with a purplish 

 brown bark, frequently rugged, with obliquely transverse 

 chinks, and scarred by the fallen leaves ; leaves two to three 

 inches long, and one broad, opposite, petioled, green above, 

 pale underneath, smooth ; corolla tomentose on the outside. 

 Native of Peru, growing abundantly on a long chain of 

 mountains, extending to the north and south of Loxa, 

 between two and five degrees of south latitude, where 

 the trunks frequently exceed a man's body in size : they 

 thrive best in a red clayey or rocky ground, especially on 

 4H 



