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C I T 



THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL 



C L A 





drawn ; and where these have been well executed, the trees 

 have made great progress in their growth, and have also pro- 

 duced a much larger quantity of fruit, which have ripened so 

 well as to be extremely good for eating. If these be planted 

 either with a design of training the branches to the walls, or 

 in borders at a small distance, so as to train them up as stan- 

 dards, there should be a contrivance of a fire-place or two, 

 in proportion to the length of the wall, through the whole pf 

 which flues should be carried to warm the air in very cold 

 weather, otherwise it will be extremely difficult to preserve 

 the trees in very hard winters, for if they do not die, they may 

 be so weakened by the cold as not to recover their strength 

 for bearing in the following summer ; so that wherever the 

 trees are intended to be placed against or near old walls, the 

 dues should be built up against the front, allowing four 

 inches' thickness of the brick-work on each side of the 

 flues, observing to fasten this with iron at proper distances, 

 to secure it against separating from the old wall. Where this 

 contrivance is carefully used, there will be no hazard of 

 losing the trees, be the winter ever so severe ; whereas if this 

 be wanting, it will require endless trouble to coyer and un- 

 cover the glasses every day, when there is any sun : and if 

 the wall be not thicker than walls are usually built, the frost 

 will penetrate it in severe winters ; so that covering and se- 

 curing the glasses of the front will not be sufficient to pre- 

 serve the trees, though done with ever so much care ; and 

 hence the first expense of the walls will save great trouble 

 and charge, and be the surest method. If the ground be 

 wet, or a strong clay which detains the moisture, the borders 

 should be raised above the level of the ground, in proportion 

 to the situation of the place, for where the wet lies in winter 

 near the surface, it will greatly prejudice, if not totally de- 

 stroy the trees ; so that lime rubbish should be laid at least 

 two feet thick in the bottom of the border, to drain off the 

 wet, with the earth two and a half or three feet thick thereon, 

 which will be a sufficient depth for the roots of the trees. In 

 these borders a few roots of the Guernsey and Belladonna 

 Lilies, and Hsemanthus, may be planted, or indeed any other 

 exotic bulbous-rooted flowers, which do not grow high, or 

 draw too much nourishment from the borders ; and these 

 producing their flowers in autumn and winter, will make a 

 good appearance, and thrive jnuch better than if kept in pots. 

 The management of Orange-trees in these places is nearly 

 the same as has been directed for those in pots or tubs, ex- 

 cepting that the borders in these places should be dug, and 

 refreshed every year with some very rotten dung. It is com- 

 monly said that the Maltese red Oranges are budded on the 

 Pomegranate ; and that the Orange, budded or grafted on 

 Mulberry stocks in Sicily, produces fruit with a blood-colour- 

 ed pulp ; but these accounts of travellers are not to be de- 

 pended upon. The China dwarf Orange, Shaddock, and 

 those with striped leaves, are all more tender than the Seville 

 Orange, and therefore must be treated with more care, and 

 placed in a wanner part of the green-house in winter. The 

 China Orange rarely produces good fruit in England, nor are 

 the leaves of the trees near so large or beautiful as those of 

 the Seville Orange ; the latter therefore should be preferred, 

 and only a tree or two of the China sort kept for variety. 

 The varieties with striped leaves never produce good fruit, 

 nor do they even produce flowers in so great plenty as the 

 plain varieties. 



3. Citrus Decumana ; Shaddock. Petioles winged; leaves 

 obtuse, emarginate. Linneus originally regarded this merely 

 as a variety of the Orange, to which it certainly makes very 

 near approaches. It is a tree above the middle size, \\ith 

 spreading prickly branches; leaves ovate, subacute, seldom 



obtuse, very seldom emarginate, smooth, scattered ; petioles 

 cordate-winged, the wings as broad as the leaves ; flower* 

 white, very sweet-scented, in copious upright terminating 

 bunches ; corolla reflex ; stamina about twenty, nearly 

 equal to the petals, collected into a many-cleft tube ; berry 

 spheroidal, frequently retuse at each end, eight inches in 

 diameter, of an even surface, greenish-yellow, divided into 

 twelve or more cells, containing some a red, others a white 

 pulp, the juice in some sweet, in others acid. The rind is 

 very thick, white, fungous, bitter, useless ; seeds ovate, sub- 

 acute, two or three in each cell. There are many varieties 

 of this tree, one of which is superior to the rest in the smell 

 and flavour of the fruit, and may be distinguished by having 

 a smaller trunk, and subglobular fruit, five inches in diame- 

 ter, yellow on the outside, white and very sweet within. In 

 China it is called hiam yueii, in Cochin-china huongien, 

 which signifies sweet ball. Thunberg describes the first in 

 Japan as being the size of a child's head ; and says, that it 

 may be kept many weeks on ship-board, if it be hung up ; 

 that the juice of it is subacid and sweet, and excellent for 

 allaying thirst. It was brought from Bataviato Japan, and 

 is also found in the Friendly Islands. . Captain Shaddock, 

 after whom it has been named, first broiilfht it from the East 

 to the West Indies. The Dutch call it pompelmoes. The 

 fruit has degenerated greatly since its importation into the 

 West Indies, owing to raising the trees from seeds, the 

 greatest part of which produce harsh sour fruit, with a pale 

 yellow pulp ; whereas, if they would have budded from a 

 good sort, they might have continued it in perfection ; but 

 there are few persons there who understand the method of 

 grafting or budding fruit-trees ; and they are so negligent of 

 their fruits as to leave the whole to nature, seldom giving 

 themselves any farther trouble than to put the seeds into the 

 ground, and leave the rest to chance. 



4. Citrus Japonica. Petioles winged ; leaves acute; stem 

 shrubby. This is a small shrub, with fruit no larger than a 

 cherry ; it ripens in December and January, and is very 

 sweet and pleasant. It approaches to the Citron in having 

 the flowers axillary, but it has winged petioles like the 

 Orange, from which, however, it differs in having only one or 

 two axillary flowers, not panicled, as in that which is native 

 of Japan. 



5. Citrus Trifoliata. Leaves ternate. A shrub; stem nearly 

 two yards in height ; branches alternate, flatted, and angular, 

 flexuose, spreading very much, stiff, very smooth, thorny ; 

 thorns alternate, dilated, and compressed at the base, spread- 

 ing very much, acute, smooth, yellow at the end, an inch in 

 length ; corolla white ; stamina double the length of the pe- 

 tals ; fruit globular, the size of a small orange. It forms 

 strong hedges in Japan, with its long, stiff, sharp thorns. 

 It flowers in April, with leafless branches, to May, when the 

 leaves burst forth. Thunberg says, the fruit is bad, and has 

 a glutinous pulp; and Linneus adds, that it is laxative. 



Gives. See Allium. 



Clary. See Salvia. 



Clathrus : a genus of Fungi, the essential characteristic of 

 which, according to Dr. Withering' s Botanical Arrangement, 

 containing eleven species, is, that it grows in clusters, 

 mostly fixed to a membranaceous base ; capsules globular 

 or oblong ; seeds escaping from its whole surface, through 

 openings made by the separations of the fibres. Thev are 

 found chiefly on rotten wood. 



Clavaria; a genus of Fungi, one of the lowest order in the 

 scale of vegetation, differing sometimes very little in substani-e 

 from the rotten wood out of which it issues. It is a smooth 

 oblong body, of one uniform substance. Withering's Botanical 



