C N E 



OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. 



C N I 



331 



2. Clypeola Tomentosa; Hoary Treacle-Mustard. Per- 

 ennial : silicles orbiculate, two-celled, two-seeded ; leaves 

 subtomentose. Root perennial, woody, branched ; stems 

 shrubby, diffused, leafy at the end ; leaves hirsutely hoary ; 

 the lower ovate-oblong, sinuate, three inches long, and half 

 an inch broad ; the stem-leaves alternate, sessile, linear-lan- 

 ceolate, entire or finely toothletted; flowers terminating and 

 axillary, at first in a sort of umbel, but afterwards panicled; 

 calix very small, hairy on the outside ; petals yellow, emar- 

 ginate, longer than the calix. First observed by Tournefort 

 in the Levant. 



3. Clypeola Maritima ; Sea Treacle- Mustard, or Clown's 

 Mustard. Stems much branching, diffused, evergreen ; leaves 

 linear-lanceolate, whitish, not stiff ; racemes striated; calix 

 deciduous ; petals white, obovate, the claws and filamenta 

 dark purple ; antherse yellow. It has the appearance of wall- 

 flower, but the branches are weaker, and both they and the 

 leaves much smaller. Native of the south of France, Spain, 

 and Italy ; common on the coast of the Mediterranean. It 

 should be sown upon a warm border in a dry soil, and does 

 not bear transplanting well. 



Cneorum ; a genus of the class Triandria, order Mono- 

 gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix: perianth very small, 

 three-toothed, permanent. Corolla: petals three, oblong, 

 lanceolate-linear, concave, erect, equal, deciduous. Stamina : 

 filamenta three, subulate, shorter than the corolla ; antherse 

 small. Pistil: germen obtuse, triangular; style erect, firm, 

 length of the stamina; stigma trifid, spreading. Pericarp: 

 berry dry, globose, three-lobed, three-celled. Seed: solitary, 

 round, in a two-celled shell. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: 

 three-toothed. Petals: three, equal. Kerry: tricoccous. 

 The only species is, 



1. Cneorum Tricoccum ; Widow-wail, or Spurge-Olive. 

 An humble shrub, which seldom rises more'than two feet and 

 a half high in this country, but spreads out on every side 

 with many lateral branches, so as to form a thick bush ; the 

 stems are ligneous, and almost as hard as those of the Box- 

 tree, and the wood is of a pale yellow colour under the bark ; 

 the branches are garnished with thick stiff leaves, of an ob- 

 long oval shape, about an inch and a half long, and a quarter 

 of an inch broad, of a dark green colour, having a strong 

 vein or rib through the middle : the flowers are produced 

 singly from the wings of the leaves, toward the extremity of 

 the branches ; they are of a pale yellow colour : after the 

 flowers are fallen, the germen becomes a fruit, composed of 

 three seeds joined together, in the same manner as those of 

 Euphorbia or Spurge ; they are green at first, afterwards of a 

 brown colour, and black when ripe. The flowers begin to 

 appear in May, and are succeeded by others during the 

 summer months ; and when the autumn proves favourable, 

 they will continue in flower till the end of October. As this 

 is a low evergreen shrub, it may be very ornamental, if placed 

 in the front of plantations or evergreen trees or shrubs ; for 

 as the branches grow compactly, and are well garnished with 

 leaves, it will conceal the ground between the taller shrubs 

 better than most other plants, and being durable, will not 

 want to be removed. Native of the south of France, Italy, 

 and Spain, in hot, dry, barren and rocky soils. It was for- 

 merly preserved in green-houses, being thought too tender to 

 bear the open air in English winters, which it has since borne 

 very well, being rarely killed, except by extremely hard frosts; 

 nor do these destroy those plants which grow upon dry, 

 rocky, or rubbishy soils, where their shoots are generally 

 short and firm. It is propagated by sowing the seed in 

 autumn, soon after they are ripe, which ensures the appear- 

 ance of the plants in the following spring; whereas those 



which are not sown till the spring, will remain a year in the 

 ground, and often miscarry. The seeds may be sown in a 

 bed of common earth, covering them half an inch deep, and 

 will require nothing but weeding during the following sum- 

 mer, and may be transplanted in the succeeding autumn 

 whereever they are intended to remain. The leaves and 

 fruit are acrid, caustic, and violently purgative. 



Cnicus; a genus of the class Syngenesia, order Polygamia 

 ..Equalis. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : compound ovate, 

 guarded with bractes, imbricate; scales ovate, close, branched, 

 thorny. Corolla ; compound, tubular, uniform ; corollets her- 

 maphrodite, equal; proper, funnel-form, oblong; border 

 five-cleft, erect, nearly equal. Stamina : filamenta five, 

 capillary, very short ; antherse cylindric, tubular. Pistil : 

 germen short; style filiform, length of the stamina; stigma 

 oblong, emarginate. Pericarp : none ; calix closed. Seed .- 

 solitary ; down plumose. Receptacle : flat, villose. ESSEN- 

 TIAL CHARACTER. Calix: ovate, imbricate with branch- 

 thorny scales, guarded with bractes. Corollets: equal. 

 These are perennial plants, and may be propagated by parting 

 the roots ; the best time for doing which is in autumn, that 

 the plants may get good root in winter, for those which are 

 transplanted in the spring, do not flower well in the first year, 

 unless they be planted in a moist soil. As these plants grow 

 very large, they are not proper furniture for small gardens, 

 where they will take up too much room ; for if they be 

 nearer to each other, or to other plants, than four feet apart, 

 they will deprive them and each other of their nourishment, 

 for their roots extend to so great a distance, that two or three 

 for variety's sake are sufficient for any garden, where they 

 should be planted at a distance from choicer plants. They 

 are also propagated by seeds, which ma}' be sown in the 

 spring, on a bed of common ground, and will merely require 

 to be thinned, and kept clean from weejds till autumn, when 

 they may be transplanted to wherever they are intended to 

 remain. The species are, 



1. Cnicus Oleraceus; Pale-flowered Cnicus. Leaves pin- 

 natifid, keeled, naked ; bractes concave, entire, somewhat 

 coloured ; calices lateral, sessile, usually two together, with 

 one between on a short peduncle ; a white line runs along 

 the keel of the calycine scales; leaves smooth, stem-clasping; 

 flowers pale yellow. It is found near brooks in the woods of 

 Switzerland, and grows to the height of six feet : it is also a 

 native of most countries of Europe, except the southernmost, 

 in moist woods, meadows, and marshes, flowering in the 

 autumnal months. The Russians boil the leaves in the 

 spring, and eat them as coleworts, although, according to 

 Schreber, no cattle will eat it. 



2. Cnicus Erisithales ; Clammy Cnicus. Leaves stem- 

 clasping, pinnatifid, awn serrated ; peduncles drooping ; 

 calices glutinous. Stem three feet high and more, angular, 

 sometimes a little tomentose, not branched, unless at the top, 

 naked far under the flowers ; flowers three or four, frequently 

 two opposite, sessile, never guarded with leaves, seldom 

 solitary, nodding in a state of maturity ; florets purple, yellow, 

 or white, with purple stamens and pistil. Native of France, 

 Switxerland, Austria, Carniola, and Silesia. It begins to flower 

 in June, and is perennial. 



3. Cnicus Ferox ; Prickly Cnicus. Leaves decurrent, 

 ligulate, tooth-thorny ; stem branching, erect. The stem is 

 firm, deeply grooved, covered with a cobweb-like pubes- 

 cence : a large head of white or purple floscules terminates 

 the branches, and is guarded with linear strigose bractes, hav- 

 ing small spines about the edge. Biennial; flowering in July 

 and August. Native of the south of France, and Piedmont. 



4. Cnicus Pigmseus ; Pigmy Cnicus. Leaves sessile, sub- 



