C V N 



OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. 



C Y N 



41P 



like celery, by the blanching, and is about a yard or more in 

 length. The season for it is autumn and winter, when it is 

 used in salads, soups, stew?, fee. : it is not, however, in great 

 estimation in England, and therefore not much cultivated. 

 Never tie up the leaves for blanching before they be full 

 grown, unless they are wanted in September and October, 

 in which case they must be tied up and earthed in August, 

 but then the stalk of the leaf will never be broad and thick, 

 nod in that its chief excellence consists. The proper time 

 to begin blanching, is at the end of September or October, 

 when the plants will come into use in December, and con- 

 tinue all the winter : observe also to tie up the leaves in a 

 dry day, adding fresh hay-bands as the plants advance in 

 height, taking care to cover their tops with long litter, if the 

 frosts should be severe. 



4. C'ynaris Humilis ; Dwarf Artichoke. Leaves spiny, 

 pinmuiiid, tomentose underneath; calicine scales subulate. 

 The heads have some resemblance to those of the French 

 Artichoke, but have no fleshy substance in their bottoms. 

 Native of Spain and Barbary. This may be planted in 

 the same manner as the preceding species; the plants being 

 set three or four feet apart, they require only to be kept 

 clean from weeds ; they will flower in the second year, and 

 if the season prove dry, the seeds will ripen in September : 

 they generally decay in the following winter, if it be severe, 

 especially if they remain uncovered. 



5. Cynara Acaulis. Stemless : leaves pinnate, unarmed, 

 smooth above. Native of Barbary. 



fi. Cynara Integrifolia. Leaves lanceolate, toothletted ; 

 calicine scales lanceolate-acuminate. It is a low smooth 

 plant, with a simple striated stem ; leaves petioled, broad, 

 lanceolate; corollas blue. Found by Barnadas in the moun- 

 tains near Toledo in New Castile. 



Cynogloitum ; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mo- 

 nogynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : perianth live- 

 parted, oblong, acute, permanent. Corolla: one-petalled, 

 funnel-form, length of the calix; tube cylindric, shorter than 

 tin' border; border half five-cleft, obtuse; mouth closed, 

 with Hve squamules, which are convex, prominent, converg- 

 ing. Stamina: filamenta five, very short, in the mouth of 

 the corolla: anthene roundish, naked. Pistil: germinafour; 

 style subulate, length of the stamina, permanent ; stigma 

 emarginate. Pericarp: none, but four arils of the seeds, 

 depressed, roundish, outwardly more obtuse, scabrous, not 

 gaping, somewhat flatfish on the exterior side, affixed by 

 their tip. Seeds : as many, somewhat ovate, gibbous, acumi- 

 nate, smooth. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER, Corolla: funnel- 

 form, the throat closed with arches. Seeds, flat, affixed to 

 the style by the inside only. The species are, 



I. (,'ynoglossum Officinale ; Common or Great Hound s- 

 tiw^ne. Stamina shorter than the corolla; leaves broad- 

 lanceolate, attenuated to ihe base, tomentose, sessile ; cali- 

 rinc segments oblong. The whole plant is downy, and soft 

 to the touch ; root biennial ; stem two or three feet in height, 

 upright, grooved, angular, villose, very leafy, branched at 

 top; root-leaves large, a foot or more in length, on petioles, 

 ovate or lanceolate, pointed, covered with a silky down which 

 gives them a grayish colour, veiny; stem-leaves, at least the 

 uppermost, sessile, half stem-clasping, quite entire, with a 

 waving edge, seven or eight inches long, crowded, placed 

 irregularly on the stem, upright, lanceolate, and broadest at 

 the base ; flowers at first of a dull red, marone, or mulberry 

 colour, afterwards becoming bluish, growing in racemes. 

 There are two varieties; the large Dutch Hound's-tongue, 

 double the size of the common sort, but probably only a 

 Tariety, from luxuriancy of soil ; and the Evergreen Hound's- 



tongue, the leaves of which are nerveless, much narrower 

 and rougher than the common sort, but entirely destitute of 

 its hoariness, so that the leaves are therefore of a full green 

 colour : it also wants that strong scent which distinguishes 

 the common Hound's-tongue ; the stem has a slight hairiness, 

 and the flowers are blue and smaller. Hound's-tongue if 

 frequently found with a white flower. The whole plant ha* 

 a disagreeable smell, much resembling that of mice : it is 

 suspected to possess narcotic qualities; and in the His- 

 toria Oroniensis, vol. iii. p. 35O, an instance is related, 

 in which the leaves boiled by mistake for Comfrey, dis- 

 ordered a whole family, and proved fatal to one person ; 

 but many will not admit the fact. Mr. Ray informs us, from 

 Dr. Hulse, that a decoction of the roots inwardly, and cata- 

 plasms of them outwardly, were used in his time to relieve 

 strumous and scrofulous cases. It is, says Meyrick, a plan? 

 of very considerable virtues, being of an astringent balsamic 

 nature, and excellently adapted to ease those coughs which 

 proceed from a thin acrid humour falling upon the lungs, or 

 other parts of the breast. A decoction of the roots drank 

 freely, relieves the bleeding of the piles, and stops the over- 

 flow of the menses and the whites : the root powdered, and 

 taken in doses of half a drachm twice or three timesa day, is 

 excellent against purgings and the bloody flux : an ointment 

 made of its leaves, with honey and turpentine, is a good ap- 

 plication to dress old fistulous ulcers. Cattle in general dis- 

 like this plant; the goat alone is said sometimes to eat it. 

 It grows wild by road-sides in most of the uncultivated parts 

 of Europe, particularly in Germany and Switzerland. In 

 England it may be met with in the London road between Kel- 

 vedon and Witham in Essex, but more abundantly about 

 Braxsted; about Southend, by Eltham; beyond Walthain 

 Abbey, towards Harlow ; at Norbury, near Leatherhead, in 

 Surry ; and near Worcester. It flowers in April and May. 



'2. Cynoglossum Virginicum; Virginian Hound's-tongue. 

 Leaves spatulate lanceolate, lucid, three-nerved at the base ; 

 bracte of the peduncles stem-clasping. This rises with an 

 upright branching stem nearly four feet high, covered with 

 rough hairs ; the flowers grow scatteringly towards the ends 

 of the branches; they are small and white, appear in June, 

 and are succeeded by four small seeds, which ripenin autumn, 

 and then the plants decay. Native of Virginia, and other 

 parts of North America. This, withthe3d,4th,5th, and 10th 

 species, are hardy plants, which will grow plentifully without 

 much care, it they only be permitted to scatter their seeds. 



3. Cynoglossum Cheirifolium; Silvery-leaved. Hound' s- 

 tongue. Corollas twice the length; leaves lanceolate; root 

 perennial, branched; stems several, a foot high, round, 

 branching; leaves half stem-clasping, obversely lanceolate, 

 or spatulate, quite entire, covered on both sides with a white 

 silvery down ; flowers in racemes, without any bractes ; co- 

 rollits white, with red, blue, or purple veins. Native of Si- 

 lesia, Carniola, Italy, the south of France, Spain, Gibraltar, 

 and the Levant. It flowers in June and July. 



4. Cynoglossum Apenninum ; Apennine Hound's-tongue. 

 Stamina equalling the corolla. The leaves of this species are 

 much larger, the petal of the flower much shorter, and the 

 stature taller, than the first sort; it also flowers earlier. Bi- 

 ennial ; flowering from April to June ; and a native of the 

 Apennines. 



5. Cynoglossum Laevigatum. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, 

 smoothish ; calices tomentose ; seeds glossy. Stem erect, a 

 foot in height, striated, panicled at top ; root-leaves petioled, 

 soft; stem-leaves small, sessile. Native of Siberia. 



6. Cynoglossum Lusitanicum; Portugal Hound's-tongue, 

 or Venus 's Navelwort. Leaves heart-shaped, stem-clasping, 



