ESP 



OR, BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. 



ESP 



smooth, covered will) ash-coloured bark, round below, but 

 compressed at top; among the leaves at top having ovate, 

 half-embracing, short, acute, keeled scales, with a longitudi- 

 nal groove on the back, at the base of which is inserted an 

 awn, the length of the scale. Native of the West Indies. 

 Observed by Rohr in Cayenne. 



5. Erythroxylon Macrophyllum ; Small-leaved Redwood. 

 Leaves elliptic, acute ; flowers axillary and lateral, aggregate ; 

 branches round at bottom, compressed at top, smooth ; co- 

 vered with a gray bark, at bottom, among the leaves, having 

 approximating scales of an ovate-lanceolate I'orm, half-embra- 

 cing, keeled, striated, purplish, acute; near the base on the 

 outside, is a broad awl-shaped awn, the length of the scale, 

 concealed within the dorsal groove of the scales. It was 

 observed in Cayenne by Rohr. 



Escallonia; a genus of the class Pentandria, order Mono- 

 gynia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : one-leafed, five- 

 cleft, superior, permanent; divisions spreading, keeled, sharp. 

 Corolla : petals five, tongue-shaped, distant, longer than the 

 calix. Stamina : filamenta five, smooth, opposite to the 

 divisions of the calix, alternate with the petals, and shorter 

 than them ; antheree incumbent, fastened by the back to the 

 filamenta, emarginate, two-celled. Pistil: germen half infe- 

 rior, an oblate spheroid ; style upright ; stigma capitate. 

 Pericarp: berry roundish, surrounded with the calix, termi- 

 nated by the permanent style, two-celled. Seeds: numerous, 

 small, nestling. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Calix: sur- 

 rounding the fruit; stigma capitate. Berry: two-celled, 

 containing many seeds. The species are, 



1. Escallonia Myrlilloides. Leaves serrulate, ending in a 

 small dagger-point, veiny underneath. This is a branching 

 leafy shrub ; branches wandlike, obscurely angular, covered 

 with a smooth, chinky, deciduous bark; branchlets alternate, 

 spreading, angular, closely leaved, one-flowered ; flowers ter- 

 minating, solitary, peduncled, upright; berry the size of a 

 pea, covered with a lid. Native of New Granada. 



2. Escallonia Serrata. Leaves serrate, subretuse, veinless 

 underneath. This is a low shrub, very much branched, leafy, 

 smooth ; branches alternate, angular, somewhat flexuose, with 

 a smooth pale bark ; branchlets alternate, straightish, leafy, 

 one-flowered, green ; flowers terminating 1 , solitary, peduncled, 

 upright, very handsome, milk-white, with a violet-coloured 

 germen ; peduncles short, round, thickening at the tip, bent 

 in, smooth ; divisions of the calix spreading, deltoid, some- 

 what fleshy, smooth, pale underneath, coloured ; petals 

 spreading, obtuse, three times the length of the calix; fila- 

 menta broader at the base. It was found in the straits of 

 Magellan, and in Terra del Fuego. 



Eschalot, or Eschalotte, so named from Ascalon in Pales- 

 tine, about which place it grows wild ; whence it has also 

 derived the names of Cepa Ascalonica, or Ascalon Onion, and 

 Ascalonitides. The old English name was Barren Onions, 

 because it seldom puts up any flowering-stem. See Allium. 



Espaliers are either rows of trees planted to enclose a 

 whole garden or plantation, or in hedges, so as to enclose 

 quarters or separate parts of a garden ; they are trained up 

 flat in a close hedge, for the defence of tender plants against 

 the violence and injury of wind and weather. The most 

 commonly received notion of espaliers are hedges of fruit- 

 trees, which are trained up regularly to a lattice of wood- 

 work, formed cither of ash-poles, or square long timbers, cut 

 out of fir; and it is of this sort of espalier that we intend to 

 treat in this place. Espaliers of fruit-trees are commonly 

 planted to surround the quarters of a kitchen-garden, for 

 which purpose they arc extremely useful, as well as highly 

 ornamental ; for by laying out the walks of this gardeu regu- 

 vot. i. 44. 



larly, which are bounded on each side by these hedges, 

 when tliey are handsomely managed, they have a wonderful 

 effect in sheltering the kitchen plants in their quarters, and 

 also screening them from the sight of those who frequent the 

 walks; so that a kitchen-garden laid out in this manner, and 

 properly managed, will be equal to the finest regular parterre 

 for beauty. The trees chierly planted for espaliers, are ap- 

 ples, pears, and some plums, but the two former are mostly 

 used. Some plant espaliers of apples grafted upon paradise 

 stocks; but these being of humble growth, and a short dura- 

 lion, are not so proper for the purpose, except for very small 

 gardens. We should rather advise the having them upon 

 crab stocks, or, if in smaller gardens, where the trees cannot 

 be allowed to grow so high, upon what the gardeners call 

 the Dutch stock ; which will cause them to bear sooner, and 

 prevent their growing too luxuriantly, besides securing their 

 vigour for many years. In choosing the trees for an espalier, 

 endeavour as much as possible to plant the several sorts 

 which are nearly of the same growth in one line, that the 

 espalier may be more ready, and of an even height, which 

 greatly adds to their beauty; for if you plant trees which 

 shoot very unequally in the same line, it will be impossible 

 to make the espalier regular: besides, the distance of the 

 trees must be in proportion to their growth ; for instance, 

 some trees of a larger growth should be planted thirty or 

 thirty-five feet asunder, whereas the smaller ones need not be 

 placed at above twenty-five feet from each other. The width 

 of the walks and borders between these espaliers should (in 

 a large garden) be at least fourteen or sixteen feet, and, if 

 it be intended to carry the trees up pretty high, the distance 

 should be greater, that each side may receive the advantage 

 of the sun and air, which is absolutely necessary, if you 

 would have the fruit well-tasted. And if your ground be so 

 situated as to leave you at full liberty which way to make the 

 espaliers, Mr. Miller advises the placing .the lines from the 

 east, a little inclining to the south, and towards the west, a 

 little inclining to the north, that the sun may shine between 

 the rows in the morning and evening, when it is low ; for in 

 the middle of the day, when the sun is advanced far above 

 the horizon, it will shine over the tops of the espaliers, and 

 reach the surface of the earth about their roots, which is a 

 matter of more consequence than many people are aware of. 

 The sorts of apples proper for espaliers, are the golden pip- 

 pin, nonpareil, rennette, grise, aromatic pippin, French pip- 

 pin, Wheeler's russet, and Pile's russet, with some others. 

 The season for planting, and the method of pruning and 

 training these trees, will be found under the articles Pruning 

 and Pyrus. The sorts of pears proper for an espalier, are 

 chiefly the summer and autumn fruits; for some of the win- 

 ter pears seldom succeed well in an espalier. These trees, if 

 designed for a strong moist soil, should be upon quince 

 stocks: but if for a dry soil, upon free stocks. The dis- 

 tance of planting must also be regulated by the growth of the 

 trees, which is more unequal in pears than apples, and 

 should therefore be more carefully examined before they are 

 planted. As for the pears upon free stocks, the distance 

 should never be less than thirty feet for moderate-growing 

 trees ; but for those that shoot vigorously, the space of forty 

 feet is not too much, especially if the soil be strong, in which 

 case they should be planted at a greater distance. The par- 

 ticular sorts of pear, which Mr. Miller recommends for an 

 espalier, are the jargonelle, blanquette, poiresans, peau, 

 summer boncretien, Hamden's bergamot, autumn bergamot, 

 L'ambrette, Gros Rousselet, Chaumontelle, Beurre du Roy, 

 le Marquis Crcssane, with some others of less note; always 

 remembering, that those psars which are of the melting kind, 

 6 S 



