JUG 



THE UNIVERSAL HERBAL ; 



J U N 



and sharper-pointed. The fruit is shaped like the Common 

 Walnut, but the shell is not furrowed, and is of a light colour. 

 It is a tall tree, and often grows to a large bulk, the body 

 being from two to three feet in diameter. The kernel is sweet 

 und well-tasted : the Indians draw a wholesome and pleasant 

 oil from it, and store up the nuts for winter provision. Hogs, 

 squirrels, and other animals, feed upon them. The wood, 

 though coarse-grained, is much used for many agricultural 

 implements. Of the saplings or young trees are made the 

 best hoops. There is a variety, the branches of which are 

 smaller and more spreading, but the leaves narrower, and the 

 bark less wrinkled. Native of North America. 



3. Juglans Nigra; Black Walnut Tree. Leaflets many, 

 (about fifteen,) oblong-lanceolate, serrate ; fruits globular, 

 valveless; nuts wrinkled; male ament sessile, simple; females 

 peduncled. This tree grows to a large size. The leaves, 

 when bruised, emit a strong aromatic flavour, as does also 

 the outer cover of the nuts, which is rough, and rounder than 

 that of the Common Walnut; the shell is very hard and thick, 

 and the kernel small, but very sweet. Catesby remarks, that 

 it seems to have taken its name from the colour of the wood, 

 which approaches nearer to black than that of any other tree 

 that affords so large timber, and is esteemed for making 

 cabinets, tables, &c. Mr. Miller declares it to be the most 

 valuable wood of all the sorts of Walnut, and that some of 

 the trees are beautifully veined, and will take a good polish, 

 while others have very little beauty. Its growth is remark- 

 ably quick ; and the roots spread out horizontally to a con- 

 siderable distance. Nothing will grow under its shade, and, 

 when planted in an orchard, it destroys all the apple-trees that 

 are planted near it. It appears to be much hardier than our 

 Common Walnut-tree, for in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 

 when the Peach-trees, Hickories, and Mulberry-trees, have 

 been much injured by frost, the Black Walnut has sustained 

 no damage. At eight or ten years old it begins to bear plenty 

 of fruit, and with age increases in fertility- Jacquin observed 

 trees in New Jersey that were forty-four years old, nine 

 fathoms high, and three ells and a half in diameter at the 

 distance of an ell from the ground. It is found in many parts 

 of the American continent, particularly in North America, 

 where it is much planted near houses for the shade. 



4. Juglans Oblonga ; Oblong-fruited Walnut-tree. Leaflets 

 many, (six or eight pairs,) ovate-lanceolate, serrate, pubes- 

 cent with the petioles ; nuts deeply sinuate-grooved ; leaves 

 scentless. Native of North America. 



5. Juglans Ginerea; Ash-coloured Walnut-tree. Leaflets 

 eleven, lanceolate, shorter on one side of the base. The 

 leaves are rougher, and of a deeper green than those of the 

 Black Walnut, and having nothing of the aromatic scent 

 which they have. The fruit is very long, the shell deeply 

 furrowed and very hard, and the kernels small, but well- 

 flavoured. Jacquin says, that in habit, trunk, arid bark, it is 

 the same with the third species. Native of North America. 



6. Juglans Compressa; Flat-fruited Walnut-tree. Leaflets 

 three pairs, lanceolate, serrate, smooth, nearly equal ; fruit 

 flatted. A tree, of a middle size. The young shoots are 

 covered with a very smooth brownish bark, but the stems 

 and older branches have so rough and scaly a bark, that it is 

 called Shag bark in North America, where it is a native. 



7. Juglans Angugtifolia; Narrow-leaved Walnut-tree. Leaf- 

 lets thirteen, linear-lanceolate, serrate, sessile, equal at the 

 base ; nuts elliptic. This is thought to be the same as, or a 

 mere variety of, the preceding. Native of North America. 



8. Juglans Baccata. Leaflets in threes. This tree is in 

 height about twenty feet, as tliick as the human thigh; leaves 

 terminating, always three together. The fruit hangs from 



the branches on peduncles an inch in length ; it >s yellowish, 

 oval, as big as a nutmeg, having, under a very thin mucihiy-i- 

 nous pulp, a large hard and woody shell. Native of Jamaica. 



9. Juglans Olivseformis. Leaflets numerous, lanceolate, 

 subfalcated, serrated; fruit oblong, tetragonal; nut small, 

 olive-shaped, smooth, with a very thin shell, and a delicious 

 kernel. It blossoms in April and May. Found on the banks 

 of the Ohio, Mississippi, and other rivers in Upper Louisiana. 



10. Juglans Sulcata. Leaflets obovate, lanceolatecl, acu- 

 minated, serrated; fruit subrotund, four-keeled; nut sub- 

 globular, large, slightly compressed ; kernel finely tasted. 

 Found in the fertile valleys of the Alleglmnv mountains, where 

 the Americans call it, Thick-shell-bark Hickory, Springfield 

 or Gloucester Nut. 



11. Juglans Amara. Leaflets ovate, oblonj, acuminated, 

 slightly seriated, smooth on both sides; fruit sn'o^lobose; 

 nuts small ;' kernel bitter. It grows in dry fertile woods, and 

 on the mountains from New England to Maryland. 



12. Juglans Porcina. Leaflets lanceolate, acuminated, ser- 

 rated, glabrous; fruit pear-shaped or globose ; nut smooth, 

 and very hard. There are two varieties, one with the fruit 

 globose, and the nut obcordated; and the other with the fruit 

 turbinated, and the nut oblong. Native of North America. 



13. Juglans Aquatica. Leaflets narrow, lanceolate, acu- 

 minate, subserrate, sessile: fruit pedunculate, ovate ; kernel 

 extremely bitter. Found in the swamps and rice-fields of 

 America. Michaux calls it. Water Bitter-nut Hickory. 



14. Juglans Myristic?eformis. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 

 acuminate, serrate, smooth ; fruit oval, rugose-scabrous ; nut 

 brown, with white lines, oval, slightly acuminated, very hard. 

 It is called the Nutmeg Hickory, and is but little known. 

 Native of South Carolina. 



Juncus ; a genus of the class Hexandria, order Monogry- 

 nia. GENERIC CHARACTER. Calix : glume two-valved ; 

 perianth six-leaved ; leaflets oblong, acuminate, permanent. 

 Corolla: none, unless the coloured perianth be regarded as 

 a corolla. Stamina: filamenta six, capillary, very short; 

 anthers oblong, erect, the length of the perianth. Pistil: 

 germen three-cornered, acuminate ; style short, filiform ; 

 stigmas three, long, filiform, villose, bent in. Pericarp: cap- 

 sule covered, three-sided, three or one-celled, three-valved. 

 Seeds: some, roundish. ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. Cilix : 

 six-leaved. Corolla: none; capsule one-celled. These plants 

 agree with the Grasses in the glumes of their flowers, and the 

 sheaths of their leaves : they differ in Ifaving the steins filled 

 with pith, whereas the stems of Grasses are always hollow. 

 The Rushes naturally form two divisions, one without leaves, 

 and the other with leafy stems ; which has induced some 

 authors to divide them into two genera; but all classical 

 botanical writers, says Dr. Smith, have judiciously preserved 

 this very natural genus entire, notwithstanding the capsule is 



in some species one-celled, in others three-celled. The 



species are, 



With naked Culms. 



1. Juncus Acutus; Prickly Large Sea Rush. Culm round, 

 almost naked; panicle conglomerate, with almost equal 

 branches ; involucre two-leaved, spinose ; seeds ovate. Root 

 perennial. Native of France, Italy, Carniola, and of Wales, 

 on the coast of Merionethshire. 



2. Juncus Maritimus ; Hard Sea Rush. Culm round, 

 almost naked ; panicle with unequal branches, one twice as 

 long as the rest ; involucre spinose; seed* lanceolate. The 

 leaves are extremely rigid and sharp. It is found on the west 

 coast of Wales ; in the salt marshes about Maldon in Essex ; 

 on the coast of Norfolk and Lancashire ; and is planted on 

 the sea-banks in Holland. The roots run deep into the sand, 



